Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS) is an autosomal-dominant inheritance condition that usually runs in families. Another name for this disorder is hereditary intestinal polyposis syndrome. PJS is a rare disorder and occurs in 1 in 160,000 to 1 in 280,000 persons. Peutz- Jeghers Syndrome is “caused by a change (mutation) in a gene that increases the risk for developing colon and other cancers. There are two common types of Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome. There is familial PJS and sporadic PJS. Familial PJS is the type that is due to a genetic mutation in a gene called STK11. The hereditary defect is passed down from one parent or both as a dominant trait. If a person has a parent that has this syndrome, the child has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation …show more content…
in the gene from their family and now has Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. The second type of PJS, sporadic PJS has no correlation between the defect and a person’s family history. This type is contracted primarily by the STK11 mutation in the gene due to an unknown cause. The exact cause of Peutz- Jeghers syndrome is unknown although, there has been some scientific speculation on possible causes that can answer how a person inherits this disorder. A cause that is being researched is the genetic mutation of chromosome 19 that carries the gene STK11. Another speculation is that this disorder is completely due to hereditary factors. Although, there is a disconnection with the inheritance of this syndrome. Some people are affected due to one or more family members passing down this disorder. Other cases, people are affected with no correlation at all to having a family member with PJS. Scientists are currently researching what can cause this genetic mutation in the person’s gene. There are multiple symptoms and features of PJS. One of the most prominent and most associated with the oral cavity is the presence melanotic macules, spots, or freckles. These freckles appear small, black and/or brown, flat and appear on the lips, in/on the buccal mucosa, nose, and around the eyes. They can also be found on the fingers and anus and are completely painless. They are more common in children and start to fade with adulthood. Multiple polyps present in the gastrointestinal tract are mushroom-shaped growths that can grow as much as two inches. Bleeding from the rectum is a symptom of polyps. GI tract problems are also present. Most of the symptoms are “diarrhea, constipation, crampy pain and or/ bloating in the belling, weight loss, lack of energy, anemia, nausea, and precocious (early) puberty” (Karmonos. p. 6). Excessive breast tissue in men can occur. Polyps blocking the intestinal tract may also occur. “Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is associated with up to a 93% chance of developing one of the associated cancers by age 64” (Standford. 2015). Cancer can be found in the esophagus, stomach, small intestine (most commonly in the duodenum), colon, pancreas, lung, and kidney. Those who do not have the second mutation to stop the function of the gene, will not get cancer. Women are at high risk of breast, ovarian, uterine, and/or cervical cancer. Men, most often boys, are at a high risk of testicular tumors ( ) Early detection is key for treatment options. Blood testing is available to see if the mutation is present in family cases or confirm a suspected diagnoses of PJS. When the mutation is found early, it is easier to watch for cancer. If cancer is caught early, it makes for easier chance of curing it. Removal of polyps is also a treatment option. Polyps in GI tract have the potential to become cancerous so removal is recommended. This is done through colonoscopy and the cut off. After removal, a colonoscopy exam is done once a year for 2 years, and then in intervals suggested by the doctor (Livstone, 2015). Genetic counseling is also available for families. This allows for explanation and discussion of PJS and at-risk members of developing this condition. The role of the dental hygienist is to educate to the patient the best way to take care of their oral hygiene at home.
For a patient with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome but does not have cancer, the dental hygienist should reiterate to the patient the important of flossing daily to mechanically remove the biofilm accumulating in their mouth. Another oral hygiene instruction would be to show the patient the proper way of brushing. Two other helpful methods to show the patient would be the modified bass to show the patient that the focus of the brushing is to point the brush filaments toward the gingival margin, also to discuss with the patient the importance of preventing dental caries by decreasing their intake of foods that will produce acid exposure to the teeth. For a patient with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome that does have patient, the dental hygienist should mostly focus on how to help the patient with preventative measures for xerostomia. Some beneficial aids for xerostomia would be biotin gels and mouthwashes, also nightly fluoride treatment’s to prevent caries because the patient is more susceptible due to the dryness of their oral cavity. Also with a patient with cancer, you want to stray away from any excess radiation that the patient doesn’t need because it could be potentially harmful to
them.
A dental hygienist is a very important role in any dental office. As stated by a dental assistant, “Dental hygienists work closely with the dentist as well as hands on with the patients. They assist dentists with operative procedures such as fillings and extractions, and making molds of patients teeth” (Wilson, Jennifer). A large part of their job is teaching patients proper dental care to ensure a lifetime of healthy teeth. This includes proper brushing and flossing techniques. According to the job out look, a day as a dental hygienist can include taking x-rays, cleaning and scaling teeth, charting treatment plans, putting sealants on teeth, taking impressions of teeth and completing information about the patient’s oral and medical history (Summary). In some states dental hygienist are allowed to give local anesthetic and place and remove sutures (Delivering Local Anesthetic). According to advantages of becoming a dental hygienist, hygienists spend more hands on time with the patients than the dentist does. These are some of the instruments that dental hygienists use on a daily basis: toothbrush, scaler, mirror, ultrasonic scaler, explorer, suction, computer, salvia ejector, rubber cap polisher, dental models, x-ray machine and probe. The dental hygienist uses a toothbrush to remove soft plaque from the teeth. Plaque is a soft coating on the teeth that contain bacteria. The bacteria can cause tooth decay and gum disease. The amount of plaque on the teeth gives the hygienist an idea of how well the daily brushing and flossing of the patient’s teeth are completed on a regular basis. The scaler is used to remove hardened plaque or calculus from the teeth. The mirror is used to look closely at the surfaces of the teeth a...
In the book it says "They can spend a whole lifetime worrying whether they 're carriers, and then we come along and offer them a test. Recessives and X-linked. Look what they 're doing with fragile-X nowadays. And cystic fibrosis. Just imagine the commercial possibilities if you can design and patent a probe for something like Gaucher 's disease...(69)" Recessive traits is the phenotype is seen only a homozygous recessive genotype for the traits of the interest is present. The booked talked about two of three diseases that are most common in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. The first one is Cystic fibrosis which is an inherited life-threatening disorder that effects the lungs and the digestive system. The other one mention in the book that wasn’t mention in class was Gaucher 's disease. Gaucher 's disease is a build up of fatty substances in your organs, usually in you spleen and liver. Which causes them to become bigger affecting their function. The last one that we learned in class was Tay-Sachs disease, which is a rare inherited disorder that destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal
For those that have bad habits with cigarettes, Tobacco Cessation Counseling is available. Cigarettes cause tooth loss, rotting, and surface stains; hygienist make sure to pass this information to the patient and help them to understand that quitting is the best option if they want to keep their teeth. As said before, a hygienist informs the patient on what foods to avoid. Nutritional Counseling is provided if a hygienist believes there is danger with a patients teeth such as diseases. (Dental Hygiene Clinic) Any foods with high acidity is something a dental hygienist would recommend avoiding. For example, apples, hard candies, popcorn, diet sodas, and salad dressing. Enamel is the hardest structure in the human body. It’s even harder than bones. When the enamel is exposed to acid, it wears down and erodes. This is how tooth erosion and decay happens. They will educate the patient with what foods to replace the bad ones with. Although, a dentist is who performs the restorations, a hygienist can still inform what will happen. Because of the fact that hygienists usually see patients before the dentist, they will give feedback to the dentist and recommend restorations in the mouth. They specialize in providing clinical and educational services (Sealy Dental Center) so they are very useful to dentists. When a patient has missing, chipped, or sharpened teeth, a restoration is done to replace the originals. Some examples
The range and severity of symptoms and findings may be extremely variable, including among affected members of the same family. However, primary findings may include premature closure of the fibrous joints between certain bones of the skull, unusually flat, underdeveloped midfacial regions abnormally broad great toes, and/or malformation or fusion of certain bones within the feet. In some cases, Jackson-Weiss Syndrome may result from new genetic changes that appear to occur randomly for unknown reasons. In other affected individuals, the disorder may be inherited. Mutations in the FGFR2 gene cause Jackson–Weiss syndrome. The FGFR2 gene produces a protein called
A typical visit to the dental hygienist usually begins with a consultation that outlines the steps necessary in the hygiene process. The hygienist may also discuss goals that the patient has regarding past,
On his initial examination dated 23/06/13 the patient was seen for a routine full mouth scale and polish with reinforced oral hygiene instruction including flossing technique. He presented with excellent oral hygiene at this appointment which was a reflection of his commitment to good oral hygiene; tooth-brushing twice daily and dental flossing once daily. This was further supported by the patients plaque scores at 5% and bleeding scores at 4% with only minimal supra gingival calculus on lower anterior teeth. There was no erythema or oedema present on the gingival tissues.
Dental Hygienist: Have you been flossing? If not, the Dental Hygienist will know. A Dental Hygienist examines and makes sure that you have been flossing, brushing, and much more on your teeth. You really should make sure that you schedule cleanings every couple months or so. Your teeth are a big part of your health, and if you don’t take care of them, you will eventually end up with fake teeth, or the proper name would be Dentures.
The best description of a dental hygienist is a professional whose main job is to teach their patients necessary oral hygiene skills and provide great dental care. They perform various tasks around a dentist’s office such as applying fluoride treatments, removing plaque and stains, taking x-rays, removing sutures, placing temporary fillings, and evaluating the patient’s overall health (“Dental Hygienist” Coin Career). Dental hygienists do not just work in a dental office, but they also can work at schools, nursing homes, health clinics, and many other dental settings. Close contact is necessary when doing this job. Working with people is an everyday thing in this profession, so one must be able to communicate and get along with their clients very well. Having certain traits such as excellent hand-eye coordination and great motor skills are very important to posses since dental hygienists work on their patients mouths (Porterfield 4). Communication is vital since dental hygienists are constantly teaching patients how to hav...
Because Williams Syndrome is very uncommon within a large crowd among people, the causes that are known to trigger the disorder are very few. The causes or conditions that are known to trigger Williams Syndrome is by the deletion of twenty-six to twenty-eight genes on chromosome #7. Many people may conclude that just because Williams Syndrome is a “genetic” disorder meaning that it has to be inherited from their parents are incorrect. Most people may not inherit Williams syndrome because the chances of his or her child to inherit the syndrome is a low 50/50 chance. That is because when the deletion of the 26 – 28 genes that takes place within the chromosome number seven are of what randomly chosen events that particularly occur in the male or female eggs or sperm .When dealing with Williams syndrome many symptoms may come upon the person with this disorder. Some of the symptoms may be not be that eye catching or life threating but some, however some can be life threating. In resulting the person to ...
There are many opportunities out there for hygienists to deliver the health care message to not only the individuals that cannot afford to go to the dental office, but also the individuals like older citizens and disabled individuals and to different schools around the nation. With that being said, it is not only just the hygienist job to provide that information. Other healthcare professionals are expected to come together and commonly agree on accurate information to specific individuals. “Healthcare professions, including dental hygienists, nurses and physicians should be communicating with each other and working collaboratively for common health care goals. This is the way that we should be practicing and also educating the future” (Pera). It is important to educate children now and get it in their heads that taking care of their teeth and gums and also their body in general is a good way to be successful not just now, but in the future as well. In order to do so, all health care professions are required to step up and come together to inform the young children in schools as well as the underprivileged people who lack the knowledge
Not only do they face the obvious challenges with their memory but also often have diminished physical ability and when one adds the possibility of xerostomia from medication it only makes the situation worse. Dental professionals should strive to do the best they can to help all people. Practicing dentistry should not be limited to the people who can take care of themselves. It is clear that people are living longer in the world today and with that comes mental and physical deficits. Oral health care does not become less valuable because a person suffers from life threatening diseases, it should continue to maintain its importance. Many of the problems our geriatric population face can be linked directly to lack of proper nutrition and loss of joy from being able to eat certain foods. Furthermore, oral diseases can cause the manifestation of systemic ailments that ultimately will lead to certain health decline. If people do not consider oral hygiene a priority then it is up to Dental professionals to convince them and encourage them to take responsibility. The general populous has neglected the geriatric population, but health care providers seem to be at the forefront by keeping them in focus. Dental health care providers have a duty to be apart of our older populations
As I started my new journey of becoming a dental hygienist, I came into the program with no background of dental. I came into this program with an open mind and willing to embrace new concepts as well as develop new skills. During my time at the Canadian Academy of Dental Hygiene (CADH), I learned that as a dental hygienist that I am committed to promoting and helping each individual achieve their optimal oral health goals. In support of my client’s goals, I may assume any or all of the roles included in the dental hygiene scope of practice. My goal throughout this program was to help my clients achieve their optimal oral health goals through education, health promotion and providing preventive and clinical therapy.
The prevention of periodontitis is straightforward for patients. The first step in prevention is to assure that the patient is brushing twice a day utilising the proper brushing technique. Patients who fear the contraction of periodontitis are not encouraged to brush too much however, as excessive brushing with poor technique can lead to other oral problems such as the reduction of the gums (gingival recession). Brushing at least twice a day help inhibit the growth of unwanted bacteria and prevents plaque, and thus tartar from forming. Patients who wish to prevent periodontitis should also floss daily. Flossing daily includes the spaces between each tooth, as well as behind the last two molars on the mandibular and maxillary arches. Flossing should get in below the gum line to prevent bacteria from congregating just below the surface. The last at home, over-the-counter treatment available for the prevention of periodontitis is the use of an antiseptic mouthwash. While proper use of mouthwash in conjunction with the other techniques can help cure gingivitis, once periodontal disease has elapsed stage 1 of periodontal disease, no amount of mouthwash or brushing can restore attachment lost in the periodontium.