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Characteristics of monopolistic competition
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Introduction
The type of firm we are going to investigate in this assignment is an oligopolistic firm. The essence of an oligopolistic market is that here are only a few sellers. As a result, the actions of any one seller in the market can have a large impact on the profits of all the other sellers. Oligopolistic firms are interdependent in a way that competitive firms are not. The company we chose to study is Petronas.
Content
1. Introduction
2. Profile of Petronas
3. Characteristics of Oligopolistic firm – Petronas
4. Advantages to Malaysian Economy from Petronas
5. Disadvantages to Malaysian
Economy from Petronas
Profile of Petronas
Ranked among the FORTUNE Global 500® largest corporations in the world, Petroliam Nasional Berhad, most commonly known as PETRONAS, is a Malaysian state-owned oil and gas company which ventures into a wide range of petroleum activities. Established in the year 1974, PETRONAS was incorporated alongside the enforcement of the Petroleum Development Act 1974 (Malaysian Explorer, 2012). Today, being owned entirely by the Malaysian government under the Ministry of Finance, PETRONAS is entrusted with the responsibility to manage the entire nation’s hydrocarbon resources (Rig Zone, 2013) and to ensure the sustainability and orderliness of the country’s oil and gas industry is prolonged.
Vision, Mission & Shared Values
Vision and Mission
These statements define PETRONAS as an organisation, guiding our corporate activities and policies, setting our course for the future.
Vision Statement
To be a Leading Oil and Gas Multinational of Choice
Mission Statement
• We are a business entity
• Petroleum is our core business
• Our primary responsibility is to develop and add value to this nation...
... middle of paper ...
...iews (2010) Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS): Products/Services. Available from: http://www.energy-business-review.com/companies/petroliam_nasional_berhad_petronas/products [Accessed 17 February 2014]
Malaysian Explorer (2012) Petronas. Available from: http://www.malaysian-explorer.com/petronas.html [Accessed 17 February 2014].
RIGZONE (2013) Malaysian Oil, Gas Service Firms Focus Overseas. Available from: http://dayagroup.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Rigzone.com_250713.pdf [Accessed 23 October 2013].
Petroleum Economist (2013) Petronas: The Modal of a Modern National Oil Company. Available from: http://www.petroleum-economist.com/Article/3247199/Petronas-The-model-of-a-modern-national-oil-company.html [Accessed 23 October 2013].
The Free Dictionary (2013) Oligopoly. Available from: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/oligopoly [Accessed 17 February 2014].
Firms may be categorized in a variety of different market structures. Perfectly competitive, monopolistically competitive, oligopolistic,
Topic A (oligopoly) - "The ' An oligopoly is defined as "a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products" (Gans, King and Mankiw 1999, pp.-334). Since there are only a few sellers, the actions of any one firm in an oligopolistic market can have a large impact on the profits of all the other firms. Due to this, all the firms in an oligopolistic market are interdependent on one another. This relationship between the few sellers is what differentiates oligopolies from perfect competition and monopolies.
This organization belongs to the oligopoly market structure. The oligopoly market structure involves a few sellers of a standardized or differentiated product, a homogenous oligopoly or a differentiated oligopoly (McConnell, 2004, p. 467). In an oligopolistic market each firm is affected by the decisions of the other firms in the industry in determining their price and output (McConnell, 2005, P.413). Another factor of an oligopolistic market is the conditions of entry. In an oligopoly, there are significant barriers to entry into the market. These barriers exist because in these industries, three or four firms may have sufficient sales to achieve economies of scale, making the smaller firms would not be able to survive against the larger companies that control the industry (McConnell, 2005, p.
Shell, also known as Royal Dutch Shell, is a company trading and supplying oil, petrol since 1907. Shell is now one of the largest oil company in the world operating in more than 70 countries and has over 93,000 employees on average. As one of the leading oil companies in the world, they produce an approximate of 3.0 million barrels of oil everyday in 2015. Currently, Shell earns a revenue of $265 billion in 2015 alone, making them one of the largest oil companies in the world. A problem that Shell will face will be about their sustainability.
Since its discovery back in the year 1858 crude oil has been become one of the most sought after resources on the face of the planet. It is due to this fact that the oil industry has fallen into a rather odd category in the case of globalization and seeking out new markets, new labor and new customers. The reason being that the need for crude oil and fuel is always present therefore the product of oil in its basic sense sells itself and the companies do not have to go out and publicly advertise it in the sense that clothing lines and other commodities do. Oil companies must focus more on the matter of why an individual should buy their oil and along with other alternative fuels over their competitors even though in the end the companies products are the same thing. The company ExxonMobil has been the superior company in the oil industry for quite sometime now, and had plenty of success as individual companies before their merger in 1999. The reason for there success is partially due to the power they wield as the most successful company, leading to many new refineries around the world, making deals with smaller companies to gain access to new markets and are leading the world in alternative fuel research. However these things all come naturally to the biggest oil company in the industry, the real question is how they became the powerhouse they are now. That question can be answered by the way in which the company has not focused in globalizing their product of fuel and oil, but globalizing the image of the company company. This is achieved by focusing on charity in which they donate hundreds of millions of dollars, Foreign Direct Investment in areas in which they wish to expand by attempting to provide these impoverished areas wit...
It is a well-known fact that every firm wants to be successful in its business. Sometimes it is difficult to decide what kind of actions to take in order to achieve it. Especially, it is hard on oligopoly market because this is one of the most complicated market structures. Oligopoly includes many models and theories such as duopoly where are just two producers and which pricing decisions remind monopoly, kinked demand curve, which decreases economic profit, and cartel, which brings economic profit just for the short-run. However, to be a successful oligopolistic firm in the long run, managers should include in the planning process such economic theories and models as producer interdependence, the prisoner’s dilemma, price leadership, nonprice adjustments, and correct using of barriers to entry.
Competition in the oil and energy industry is furious. British Petroleum competes with companies like Exxon-Mobil and Chevron in three major sectors; Energy and Utilities, Chemicals, and Retail. These major players have been able to keep the competition high by finding economies of scale in production, and finding more and more ways to automate the processes.
There are many industries. Economist group them into four market models: 1) pure competition which involves a very large number of firms producing a standardized producer. New firms may enter very easily. 2) Pure monopoly is a market structure in which one firm is the sole seller a product or service like a local electric company. Entry of additional firms is blocked so that one firm is the industry. 3)Monopolistic competition is characterized by a relatively large number of sellers producing differentiated product. 4)Oligopoly involves only a few sellers; this “fewness” means that each firm is affected by the decisions of rival and must take these decisions into account in determining its own price and output. Pure competition assumes that firms and resources are mobile among different kinds of industries.
The industry is divided into three distinct sectors including the upstream, midstream and downstream sectors. The upstream sector includes the exploration and production of crude oil as well as the exploration and production of natural gas. This sector has experienced the largest amount of deals in terms of mergers and acquisitions, which will be further discuss in section III. The midstream sector involves the transportation of extracted petroleum from the upstream sector through pipelines, rail, barge, truck as well as storage. Finally, the downstream sector connects the end consumers through derived products such as gasoline, liquefied natural gas (LPG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), kerosene (aircrafts), and diesel…
In the short run, oligopolies are. able to earn abnormal profits, but in the long run as well they are. able to sustain abnormal profits due to the barriers to entry and exit. Then the s The barriers act as a strong deterrent to firms that want to come in. the industry and " eat into" the abnormal profits and then exit the market.
It was the year 1957 when some innovative and dedicated minds meet up and decided to set off a new journey in the field of oil industry. It was not easy for Kuwait Oil Tankers Company to make place in the existing business place because the Arab states are already having several companies that are dealing with this business and most of them were enjoying some great support and international fellowship; however the management and the leaders of this organization proved their vision and their hard work soon.
Industry examination found that a large number of the conventional worldwide players tumbled to the base of their appraisals list. Chevron, BP, Occidental, Exxon Mobil, Petrochina and Murphy Oil all scored inadequately in the investigation. MSCI, a budgetary investigation firm with extraordinary aptitude in surveying the estimation of intangibles like carbon hazard, examined the petroleum business ' execution in five key classifications: operations, wellbeing and security; capacity to get to assets in developing markets; carbon discharges; interest in option vitality; and interest in unpredictable fossil powers like oil sands and oil shale, coal bed methane and coal crease gas, and both gas-to-fluid and coal-to-fluid energizes.
Over the past 200 years, mankind discovered the fossil fuels and they used this source to produce hug energy. This affects the environment in many negative ways and caused many issues worldwide such as urban air pollution and acid rain, oil spills and the high temperature of earth. Saudi Arabia has the biggest oil reserves in the world by 19.66% (the world factbook, 2011) and the second oil producer country in the world with roughly 10.121 million barrels a day – which account for 12% of the total world production of oil in 2010 (Fontinelle,2011). Moreover, the country relies heavily on oil industry. And the most successful companies in the country are thus whose work in oil industry such as ARAMCO Company. The reason behind this success is because most of these companies get financial support and attention from the Saudi government and sometimes the government owes these companies. Because of the massive reserve of oil and the high income that generated from oil, the country has less attention to seek for other sources of clean energy such as solar energy and wind energy which leads to the increase of air pollution in the country. However, oil is expected to last in the next 50 to 100 years (Hubbert, 1956). Furthermore, the International organizations have made many decisions to protect the environment and environmental resource such as Kyoto Protocol which decided to raise the use of solar energy to 50%of the total global energy use by 2020 (UNFCCC ,2005 ). Recently, these issues lead the Saudi government to realize problems, such as air pollutions, and start to invest in clean energy area but not as expected. These days many people in Saudi Arabia argue the uses of clean energy and replace with the fossil fuels. And they d...
Markets have four different structures which need different "attitudes" from the suppliers in order to enter, compete and effectively gain share in the market. When competing, one can be in a perfect competition, in a monopolistic competition an oligopoly or a monopoly [1]. Each of these structures ensures different situations in regards to competition from a perfect competition where firms compete all being equal in terms of threats and opportunities, in terms of the homogeneity of the products sold, ensuring that every competitor has the same chance to get a share of the market, to the other end of the scale where we have monopolies whereby one company alone dominates the whole market not allowing any other company to enter the market selling the product (or service) at its price.
An oligopolistic market has a small number of sellers dominating market share and therefore barriers to entry are high. These sellers are highly competitive and do not act independently of each other. Access to information is limited so sellers can only speculate of their competitor’s actions. Sellers will take advantage of competitor’s price changes in order to increase market share.