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The role of women in Roman society
The role of women in Roman society
The role of women in Roman society
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Paul, the Motherly Paterfamilias
Introduction
In Paul's time the role of paterfamilias in Roman households—as well as in general society—was that of an authoritarian ruler with absolute control over all people in his realm. In his letters to the congregations that he had founded and towards which he felt paternal affection, the apostle Paul transcended this dominating relationship by expressing deep emotions of longing and affection. He also nurtured them by sharing his life with them and helping them resocialize to Christianity.
Role of the Paterfamilias
During Paul's time, the ruling Roman tradition understood the family as the basis of society and the paterfamilias as the literal "head of the family." This man, the oldest male in direct line within his familia, had unprecedented power in the form of patria potestas ("paternal power").[1] The unlimited authority that he exercised over all members of his household (children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren were all under his omnipotent hand) did not end when they grew up, rather the paterfamilias controlled every aspect of their lives (from collecting their income to allowing their marriages) until his death. His reign extended over the whole of the domus ("household"), meaning that slaves were in a similar relationship. Children and slaves were both owned by the paterfamilias because "they are both born into their parents' household and require to be supported."[2] He even had ius vitae nescisque, the right of life and death over the members of his family.[3] Such was the supremacy of paternal power that the second century lawyer Gaius was moved to say: "virtually no other men have over their sons a power such as we have."[4]
Aristotle had maintained that...
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...70), 157.
[26] Charles Wanamaker, "'Like A Father Treats His Own Children': Paul and the Conversion of the Thessalonians," Journal of Theology for Southern Africa 92 (1995): 51.
[27] 1 Thess. 2:9 (NIV)
[28] Philip Esler, "Imagery and Identity in Gal. 5.13 to 6.10," in Constructing Early Christian Families, pp. 121-149. Edited by Halvor Moxnes (New York: Routledge, 1997), 122.
[29] Sara Ruddick, "Maternal Thinking," in Mothering: Essays in Feminist Theory, pp. 213-30. Edited by Joyce Trebilcot (Savage: Rowman & Littlefield, 1983), 226.
[30] Barbara Katz Rathman, "Beyond Mothers and Fathers: Ideology In a Patriarchal Society," in Mothering, Ideology, Experience, Agency, pp.139-60. Edited by E.N. Gelnn, G. Chang and L.R. Forcey (New York: Routledge, 1994), 155.
[31] Rathman, "Beyond Mothers and Fathers," 157.
[32] Ruddick, "Maternal Thinking," 227.
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The Roman family after the advent of Christianity has been widely discussed in Roman History. Different historians have looked at the topic in different ways. There are two articles at hand, which deal with this very topic. Brent Shaw, The family in Late Antiquity: The Experience of Augustine and Douglas O'Roark, Parenthood in Late Antiquity. Both historians are looking at the family in late antiquity, after the time that Christianity was introduced to the Roman society. Through an analysis of the two essays and references to the classical period it can be seen that: The Roman family has always been an important institution in their society, it's composition, roles and the functions changed little after the advent of Christianity.
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Many plants and plant derived products are used in cancer therapy as cytotoxic agents. Examples include Taxol that is used for breast cancer (which gets its active constituent from Pacific Yew tree) and the vinca alkaloids used for leukaemia (from the Madagascar ...
Upon reading his letters on the accounts of Jesus, I am deeply disturbed by Paul’s numerous contradictions, jarring hypocrisies, blatant anti-Semitism, and demeaning antifeminism. Even more troubling is Paul’s consistent failure to not ever quote Jesus, but to make the recipients of his letters rely solely on the fact that God and Jesus consecrated him, Paul—according to Paul, himself (of course). Paul believes that he has been chosen, much like Abraham, Noah, Moses and the Prophets to carry out Jesus’ demands of how people should live until Jesus returns. However, unlike Abraham, Noah, Moses, and the Prophets, Paul does not dictate t...