Pan Troglodytes

Chimpanzee

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"Panina" redirects here. For the Russian surname Panina, see Panin.

For the film of the same name, see Chimpanzee (film).

Chimpanzees[1]

Temporal range: Middle Pliocene - Recent

Schimpanse Zoo Leipzig.jpg

Common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Primates

Family: Hominidae

Subfamily: Homininae

Subtribe: Panina

Genus: Pan

Oken, 1816

Type species

Pan troglodytes

Blumenbach, 1775

Species

Pan troglodytes

Pan paniscus

Pan.png

Distribution of Pan troglodytes (common chimpanzee) and Pan paniscus (bonobo, in red)

Synonyms

Troglodytes E. Geoffroy, 1812 (preoccupied)

Mimetes Leach, 1820 (preoccupied)

Theranthropus Brookes, 1828
Chimpansee Voight, 1831
Anthropopithecus Blainville, 1838
Hylanthropus Gloger, 1841
Pseudanthropus Reichenbach, 1862
Engeco Haeckel, 1866
Fsihego DePauw, 1905

Chimpanzees (sometimes called chimps) are an exclusively African species of extant great ape.

Native to subsaharan Africa, chimpanzees are currently found in the Congo jungle. Classified in the genus Pan, chimpanzees were considered to be one species. However, since 1928, they have been divided into two species: the chimpanzee (P. troglodytes) and the bonobo (P. paniscus).[2] In addition, the chimpanzee is divided into five subspecies. Based on genome sequencing, the two extant Pan species diverged around one million years ago. The ancestors of the Pan genus split from humans four to six million years ago (mya).

Their hair is typically black or brown. Males and females differ in size and appearance. Chimps and bonobos are one of the most social great apes, with social bonds occurring in large communities. Fruit is the most important component of an chimpanzee's diet; however, the apes will also eat vegetation, bark, honey, insects and even other chimps. They can live over 30 years in both the wild and

captivity.

Chimpanzees are among the most intelligent primates; they use a variety of sophisticated tools and construct elaborate sleeping nests each night from branches and foliage.

The apes have been extensively studied for their learning abilities. There may even be distinctive cultures within populations. Field studies of the apes were pioneered by primatologist Jane Goodall. Both chimpanzee species are considered to be Endangered. Human activities have caused severe declines in the populations and ranges of both species. Threats to wild chimp populations include poaching, habitat destruction, and the illegal pet trade. Several conservation and rehabilitation organisations are dedicated to the survival of orangutans in the

wild.

Contents

1 Name
2 Evolutionary history
2.1 Evolutionary relationship
2.2 Fossils
3 Anatomy and physiology
4 Behaviour
4.1 Social structure
4.2 Intelligence
4.3 Tool use
4.4 Nest-building
4.5 Altruism and emotivity
4.6 Communication
4.7 Aggression
4.8 Hunting
4.9 Puzzle solving
5 History
6 Research and study
6.1 Studies of language
6.2 Memory
6.3 Laughter in apes
7 Listed as Endangered in the US
8 Chimpanzees as pets
9 In popular culture
9.1 Portrayals in science fiction
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links

Name

The first use of the name "Chimpanze" is recorded in The London Magazine in 1738,[3] glossed as meaning "Mockman" in a language of "the Angolans" (apparently from a Bantu language, reportedly modern Vili (Civili), a Zone H Bantu language, has the comparable ci-mpenzi[4]). The spelling Chimpanzee is found in a 1758 supplement to Chamber's Cyclopædia.[5] The colloquialism "chimp" was most likely coined some time in the late 1870s.[6]

The common chimpanzee was named Simia troglodytes by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in 1776. The species name troglodytes is a reference to the Troglodytae (literally "cave-goers"), an African people described by Greco-Roman geographers. Blumenbach first used it in his De generis humani varietate nativa liber ("[Book] on the natural varieties of the human genus") in 1776,[7][8] Linnaeus 1758 had already used Homo troglodytes for a hypothetical mixture of human and orang utan.[9]

The genus name Pan was first introduced by Lorenz Oken in 1816. An alternative Theranthropus was suggested by Brookes 1828 and Chimpansee by Voigt 1831. Troglodytes was not available, as it had been given as the name of a genus of wren (Troglodytidae) in 1809. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature adopted Pan as the only official name of the genus in 1895.[9] The name is a reference to Pan, the Greek god of nature and wilderness.[10] The Bonobo, also known as the "pygmy chimpanzee", was given the species name of paniscus by Ernst Schwarz (1929), a diminutive of the theonym Pan.[11]