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Research ethical principles
Nuremberg code its importance
Code of ethics for research
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Nuremberg Code After World War II ended, the Allied powers held a tribunal which led to multiple trials against major war criminals, military, and Nazi leadership officials. The Nuremberg code was one of the first trials and became known as The Doctors’ Trial which occurred in 1947 (Jarmusik). Basically twenty-three German Nazi Party physicians conducted cruel and unforgiving experiments on prisoners that were being held captive. These medical experiments were often conducted on Jewish prisoners and often performed in the Auschwitz concentration camps (Jarmusik). In the Palace of Justice, a trial was performed in Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany. The trial was performed here, because it was an undamaged building and was symbolic to the Nazi …show more content…
Ten ethical principles for human experimentation were derived as a result from The Doctors’ Trials (Jarmusik). Some of these principles included voluntary consent, needs to be based off animal experimentation, and results need to be for the greater or good for society (Jarmusik). Essentially, the goal of establishing the Nuremberg Code from my understanding was to attempt to provide a clear set of rules about human experimentation. After harsh trials were conducted, these rules needed to be established. These ethical guidelines are still considered the forefront of U.S. Law regarding human medical research. They serve as a reminder of the past and are relevant in the …show more content…
DoH was the preceding ethics document that gave principles regarding human experimentation research. To my understanding, the DoH was a document of ethics that followed along the ethical principles that were formulated from the Nuremberg Code. This was accomplished in 1964 and was able to give the necessary rules for individuals regarding clinical research (Carlson, Boyd, & Webb, 2004). After reviewing what the DoH entails, I learned that the basic principal discussed was respect towards the individual in regards to making decisions. Medical decisions can be very difficult to reach a consensus on. In the event that a person is a minor, consent needs to be given by the individual or somebody who would consider the individual’s best interest. In the course of action, it was determined that although research is necessary, a person’s interests and ethical factors must be accounted for when conducting research (Carlson, Boyd, & Webb, 2004). Being able to recognize whether a person can physically, mentally, or legally give consent should be reflected in order to take a person’s interest into consideration (Carlson, Boyd, & Webb,
There are five main ethical guidelines used by the IRB when determining if an experiment is ethically correct; respect for persons, fidelity and responsibility, justice, beneficence/nonmaleficence, and integrity (Hackathorn 2014).
"Nazi Medical Experimentation: The Ethics Of Using Medical Data From Nazi Experiments." The Ethics Of Using Medical Data From Nazi Experiments. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2013.
In 1943, under Soviet leadership the first war crime trials were conducted, however the first trial to involve the Allied powers was the Nuremburg International Military Tribunal in 1945 . The International Military Tribunal (IMT), set out to prosecute 22 defendants comprising largely of the administration arm of the Third Reich . The American's initially wished to indict whole Nazi organisations for their crimes. This focus was soon altered to determine the accountability of particular individuals. The accused were tried under at least two of the following four headings devised for indictment. The first count was the "formulation of a common plan or conspiracy"; two, "crimes against peace (planning and waging a war of aggression
The Rosenberg trial, which ended in a double execution in 1953, was one of the century's most controversial trials. It was sometimes referred to as, "the best publicized spy hunt of all times" as it came to the public eye in the time of atom-spy hysteria. Husband and wife, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, were charged with conspiracy to commit espionage. Most of the controversy surrounding this case came from mass speculation that there were influences being reinforced by behind-the-scenes pressure, mainly from the government, which was detected through much inconsistencies in testimonies and other misconduct in the court. Many shared the belief that Ethel Rosenberg expressed best as she wrote in one of her last letters before being executed, "-knowing my husband and I must be vindicated by history.
The Nuremberg trial was built up to be the trial of the century. In the word's of Norman Birkett, who served as a British alternate judge: it was "the greatest trial in history" . The four most intriguing characters of this trial were of vast contradiction to each other; there was Herman Georing the relentless leader, Joachim von Ribbentrop the guilty and indecisive follower of Hitler, Hjalmar Schacth the arrogant financial wizard of the Rich and Albert Speer the remorseful head of armament and munitions. Three of the four allies wanted the Nazi leaders to be executed without a trial Winston Churchill said, "They should be rounded up and shot like dog's" but the Americans persuaded the other allies that a trial would be most beneficial from a public relations standpoint, so now with the allies agreed the stage for Nuremberg was set.
In the United States, the basis for ethical protection for human research subjects in clinical research trials are outlined by the Belmont Report developed in the late 1970’s. This document, published by the Nation Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, highlights three important basic principles that are to be considered when any clinical trial will involve human research subjects. They are; respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. (Chadwick & Gunn, 2004)
Judgment at Nuremberg The Nuremberg trials took place between 1945 and 1949 and were used to judge the acts of over a hundred judges accused of committing war crimes. The movie "Trials at Nuremberg" dealt specifically with the justice trials. The justice trials adjudicated the criminal responsibility of judges accused of enforcing immoral, unjust, and inhumane laws set by the Nazi party. =
Ethical Issues The ethical questions about Cameron's work were numerous. Despite being part of the formulation of the Nuremberg Code, (code established after WWII that outlines ethical principles for human experimentation, aiming to prevent the atrocities witnessed during the Nazi regime, and is applicable globally as a guideline for medical research), which attempted to protect patients in experimental medicine, Cameron openly violated its principles in his own
Ethics refers to the values and customs of a community at a particular point in time. At present, the term ethics is guided by the moral principles that guide our everyday actions. These moral principles guide the researcher into deciding what is ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. The foundation of medical ethics is governed by two philosophical frameworks: deontology, and utilitarianism. However, ultimately, the ethics committees need to balance the risks, and benefits for the participants and the community associated with the particular research proposal.
The movie Triumph of the Will is about Hitler's activities in Nuremberg, which include, riding through the streets in a parade and giving speeches to crowds of supporters (Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will). The movie show excited people lining the streets to salute Hitler as he passes them (Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will). This use of photography show the viewers that the Nazi party is supported by the people of Germany. The director chooses to use closeup shots on the smiling faces in the crowds to show that people are happy and supportive of the Nazi movement. In contrast to close up shot, the director also chooses to use extreme long shots to show the massive crowds lining the streets. This again shows the viewer that not only a few people
The Nuremberg Trials was unethically run and violated the rights of the Nazi leaders who were convicted of committing crimes against humanity. Primarily because the Allies sought to use the trials as a way to remind the Germans, who won the war ‘again’. Thus making it similar to the Treaty of Versailles in (19- ), through implying this notion of “Victors’ Justice”. Nevertheless, the Allies did to an extent ‘try’ to make the tribunal as ethical as possible,
Freedman B. Equipoise and the ethics of clinical research. N Engl J Med. 1987; 317(3): 141-145
The Nuremberg Trials seem like a possible vendetta to imprison those who disagree with the groups who won the Second World War. This is a feasible argument because at the trials there were twenty-two Nazis and no one else to be investigated. The goal of the trial was to set an example of these war criminals and to add a reason to not engage in unnecessary conflict. According to Dr. von Knieriem of the American Bar Association there was no standard international law that should have been upheld, rather, the defendants should have been held to their native countries own law. On October 1, 1946 the International Military Tribunal announced verdicts; three were
The Nuremberg code is a set of laws that give patients more rights when visiting the doctors. This code was put into action in 1947 in the signified the end of the doctor's trials and Nuremberg after World War II. These trials were held in order to punish Nazi war criminals for mistreatment of Jews during wartime. These were a series of 13 trials in Nuremberg Germany.
The investigation of conducting research with human subjects, is an original portent in our modern history of medicine. This investigation is a scientific research, which consist of a project to obtain data on human beings (through private information or interaction), which then serve as research subjects (FSU, 2014). Any study that consists of human subjects, must follow a list of protocols, such as obtaining a consent, then submitted for approval to the International Review Board (IRB). The participation of these individuals, has caused ethical problems and concerns relating to autonomy and privacy (Arras, London, & Steinbock, 2013). Human subject research is ethical since it is a procedure for drug trials, procedures and developing treatments for diseases, which may also add to available research information to support others.