“Short Skirts and Window Peeping”: Sexual Attraction, Obsessive Relational Intrusion, Stalking Behavior Proposition Paper As sexual attraction and young love blooms, commitment in the relationship grows; it is also possible that the door for obsessive relational intrusion and stalking behavior can open (Lee, 1998). Obsessive relational intrusion, also known as ORI, is defined as the continued act of pursuing intimacy with a partner or individual who is not seeking this attention at all (Spitzberg, Marshall, & Cupach, 2001). As the pursued individual experiences ORI and the unwanted continuous contact and communication that follows. If fear is produced and the pursued feels threatened, at this point ORI develops into stalking (Spitzberg, …show more content…
& Cupach, 2007). H1: As sexual attraction intensity increases; so, does the likelihood of obsessive relational intrusion. Mutual attraction in a relationship which leads to love and sexual attraction, is a form of a conjunctive relationship (Spitzberg & Cupach, 2014). However, ORI not only exists in most unhealthy relationships, but can often arise out of healthy relationships as well (Cupach & Spitzberg, 2011). So as sexual intensity increases in the healthy or unhealthy relationship, so does the risk of obsessive relational intrusion (Cupach & Spitzberg, 2014). More often than not, ORI can spring forth out of the ashes of a previously healthy relationship (Spitzberg, Cupach, Hannawa, & Crowley, 2014). Communication in the relationship often intensifies and becomes less competent and more aggressive after the relationship ends (Spitzberg, Marshall, & Cupach, 2001). Thus, as sexual attraction intensity increases so does the likelihood of obsessive relational intrusion when a person in the relationship fails to reciprocate with the same sexual attraction intensity as before. H2: As obsessive relational intrusion increases; the likelihood of stalking behavior increases. ORI and stalking behavior are a set of behaviors that largely intersect. The major distinction here is whether the individual or victim (reasonable person legal standard) receiving the unwanted pursuit is experiencing the feeling of being threatened or is experiencing fear (Nguyen, Spitzberg, & Lee, 2012). However, ORI turns into stalking once this same behavior produces a sense of fear in the partner being pursued (Spitzberg, Marshall, & Cupach, 2001). When the victim or person being pursued is harassed in a calculated, undesired, and continuous threating manner, then ORI turns into stalking behavior (Spitzberg, & Cupach, 2003). Thus, as ORI increases, the likelihood of stalking behavior increases. Therefore: H3: As sexual attraction intensity increases; the likelihood of stalking behavior increases. A young couple with love and sexual attraction blooming, opens the door to a healthy and possibly, an unhealthy relationship in which ORI and stalking behaviors can develop (Cupach & Spitzberg, 2014). Former partners can then become objects of pursuit, where the pursuer begins to write, call, and text, use social media, or communicate more often than they did in a normal and healthy relationship (Cupach & Spitzberg, 2014). When the pursuer, out of increasing intensity of their unrequited attraction and desires, actively pursues the former partner, often heightened by the excitement of the chase itself; the ultimate result, many times for the pursuer, is the ORI and stalking behaviors manifests as the pursuers rai·son d'ê·tre for a large amount of their day to day activities (Cupach & Spitzberg, 2004). Thus as sexual attraction intensity increases, the likelihood of stalking behavior increase. A vital topic for everyone to know. References Cupach W, Spitzberg B.
Obsessive relational intrusion: Incidence, perceived severity and coping. Violence and Victims [serial online]. Win 2000 2000;15(4):357-372. Available from: PsycINFO, Ipswich, MA. Accessed April 13, 2017. Cupach W, Spitzberg B. Obsessive relational intrusion: Incidence, perceived severity and coping. Violence and Victims [serial online]. Win 2000 2000;15(4):357-372. Available from: PsycINFO, Ipswich, MA. Accessed April 13, 2017. Cupach, W. R., & Spitzberg, B. H. (1994). The dark side of interpersonal communication. Hillsdale, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Cupach, W. R., & Spitzberg, B. H. (1998). Obsessive relational intrusion and stalking. In B. H. Spitzberg, W. R. Cupach, B. H. Spitzberg, W. R. Cupach (Eds.) , The dark side of close relationships (pp. 233-263). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Cupach, W. R., & Spitzberg, B. H. (2004). The dark side of relationship pursuit: from attraction to obsession and stalking. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Cupach, W. R., & Spitzberg, B. H. (2014). The dark side of relationship pursuit: from attraction to obsession and stalking. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis …show more content…
Group. Finch, E. (2001) The criminalization of stalking: Constructing the problem and evaluating the solution. London: Cavendish. Ledbetter, A. M. (2007). The Dark Side of Relationship Pursuit: From Attraction to Obsession to Stalking. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 178-179. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00339_4.x Lee, R. K. (1998). Romantic and electronic stalking in a college context. William & Mary Journal of women and the Law, 4, 373-466 Lyndon, A. E. (2014). A conceptual and empirical evaluation of the stalking literature. Sex Roles, 71(5-8), 272-274. doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0402-8 McAuslan, P. (2015). Review of the dark side of relationship pursuit: From attraction to obsession and stalking (2nd ed.). Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39(3), 417-418. doi:10.1177/0361684315592395 Mullen, P. E., Pathé, M., & Purcell, R. (2000). Stalkers and their victims. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Mullen, P. E., Pathé, M., & Purcell, R. (2009). Stalkers and their victims. (2nd ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Nguyen, L. K., Spitzberg, B. H., & Lee, C. M. (2012). Coping with Obsessive Relational Intrusion and Stalking: The Role of Social Support and Coping Strategies. Violence and Victims, 27(3), 414-433. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.27.3.414 Nguyen, L. K., Spitzberg, B. H., & Lee, C. M. (2012). Coping with Obsessive Relational Intrusion and Stalking: The Role of Social Support and Coping Strategies. Violence and Victims, 27(3), 414-433. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.27.3.414 Patton, C.
L., Nobles, M. R., & Fox, K. A. (2010). Look who's stalking: Obsessive pursuit and attachment theory. Journal Of Criminal Justice, 38(3), 282-290. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.02.013 Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2010). Fatal attraction syndrome: Stalking behavior and borderline personality. Psychiatry, 7(5), 42-46. Spitzberg, B. H. (2015). Stalking/Obsessive Relational Intrusion. The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication, 1-9. doi:10.1002/9781118540190.wbeic089 Spitzberg, B. H. (2015). Stalking/Obsessive Relational Intrusion. The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication, 1-9. doi:10.1002/9781118540190.wbeic089 Spitzberg, B. H., & Cupach, W. R. (2003). What mad pursuit? Obessive relational intusion and stalking related phenomena. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12, 64-86 Spitzberg, B. H., & Cupach, W. R. (2003). What mad pursuit? Obessive relational intusion and stalking related phenomena. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12, 64-86 Spitzberg, B. H., & Cupach, W. R. (2007). The state of the art of stalking: Taking stock of the emerging literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12(1), 64-86.
doi:10.1016/j.avb.2006.05.001 Spitzberg, B. H., & Cupach, W. R. (2007). The state of the art of stalking: Taking stock of the emerging literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12(1), 64-86. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2006.05.001 Spitzberg, B. H., Cupach, W. R., Hannawa, A. F., & Crowley, J. P. (2014). A preliminary test of a relational goal pursuit theory of obsessive relational intrusion and stalking. Studies in Communication Sciences, 14(1), 29-36. doi:10.1016/j.scoms.2014.03.007 Spitzberg, B. H., Cupach, W. R., Hannawa, A. F., & Crowley, J. P. (2014). A preliminary test of a relational goal pursuit theory of obsessive relational intrusion and stalking. Studies in Communication Sciences, 14(1), 29-36. doi:10.1016/j.scoms.2014.03.007 Spitzberg, B. H., Cupach, W. R., Hannawa, A. F., & Crowley, J. P. (2014). A preliminary test of a relational goal pursuit theory of obsessive relational intrusion and stalking. Studies in Communication Sciences, 14(1), 29-36. doi:10.1016/j.scoms.2014.03.007 Spitzberg, B. H., Marshall, L., & Cupach, W. R. (2001). Obsessive relational intrusion, coping, and sexual coercion victimization. Communication Reports, 14(1), 19-30. doi:10.1080/08934210109367733
When they feel rejected they can become extremely violent towards whoever they feel rejected them. Celebrities need to be made aware of how to handle stalkers, so that when they are faced with the problem they can deal with it properly. A forensic science graduate states, "Risk management strategies for this type should emphasize the need for professional protection of the target despite the low frequency risk of violence, since the injury is likely to be more serious if violence does occur …" (Mohandie). Many celebrities won't go to the police to report stalkers because they do not believe it is a real problem. This does not help them get the stalker to go away. When celebrities learn about how to deal with stalkers they are more likely to report the problem to the
Simons, C. (2001). Antisocial personality disorder in serial killers: The thrill of the kill. The Justice Professional, 14(4), 345-356.
In conclusion we find that cyberstalking is one of the most dangerous forms of stalking. People who feel safer harming others from far away use this method the most, and like regular stalking it can cause serious damage.
Stalker or stalking has been further classified based on typology established by Paul Mullen, Teresa Flower and Rosemary Purcell. It is based on the context in which stalking arose and stalkers initial impetus for containing the victim. There are five types of a stalker: the rejected, resentful, intimacy-seeking, incompetent and the predator . The two precarious of all are rejected and predator stalkers.
Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor’s Social Penetration Theory provides for a deeper analysis on how relational closeness develops. A multi-layered onion model is used to depict the personality structure of an individual. Each layer constitutes perspectives and beliefs about oneself, other individuals, and the world (Griffin 114). Self-disclosure, the process by which we “peel back the layers,” is a gradual process that is motivated by what we perceive as the outcome of an interaction. The depth, level of intimacy, and breadth, the extent of self-disclosed areas, are essential to forming an intimate relationship. Communication privacy management, explaining the ways individuals manage the tension between privacy and disclosure, contributes to the overall outcome of relational closeness. The Social Penetration process can be applied to the concept of ‘work spouses’ to explain the high level of intimacy one would deem equivalent to a married spouse.
Douglas, John E., and Mark Olshaker. Obsession: The FBI's legendary profiler probes the psyches of killers, rapists, and stalkers and their victims and tells how to fight back. New York, NY: Scribner, 1998. 16-41. Print.
Miller, Laurence. "The predator's brain: Neuropsychodynamics of serial killers."Serial offenders: Current thought, recent findings, unusual syndromes (2000): 135-166.
Adler, R. B., Rosenfeld, L. B., & Proctor, R. F. (2013). Interplay The Prrocess of Interpersonal Communication. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
Intimate partner stalkers are typically known as the guy who "just can’t let go." These are most often men who refuse to believe that a relationship has really ended. Often, other people - even the victims - feel sorry for them. But they shouldn’t. Studies show that the vast majority of these stalkers are not sympathetic, lonely people who are still hopelessly in love, but were in fact emotionally abusive and controlling during the relationship. Many have criminal histories unrelated to stalking. Well over half of stalkers fall into this "former intimate partner" category.
Behavioral jealousy are actions that occur between an individual who is experiencing envious thoughts and how they internalize and react to the stimuli. Pfeiffer and Wong (1989) “conceptualize jealous behaviors as the detective/protective measures a person takes when relationship rivals (real or imaginary) are perceived. Detective actions include questioning, checking up on the partner, and searching the partner’s belongings” (p.183). Research suggests that behavioral jealousy is used to maintain relationships. Relationship maintenance refers to either positive or negative behaviors that occur between two individuals in order to maintain a healthy communicative balance.
and Intrusion; The Pursuit of Ordinary Relationships." The Dark Side of Relationship Pursuit: From Attraction to Obession and Stalking. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2004. 1-34. Print.
Self-monitoring has also been greatly observed in the role it plays in dating and other romantic and intimate relationships. A study by Snyder and Simpson (1984) examined the involvement of self-monitoring tendencies in dating relationships. They established that there are two different categories of people when it comes to friendships; there are those who do particular activities with specific people based on the other person’s expertise or skill in that activity, and those whose activity partners are chosen based on the fact that they like the other person’s presence. Understanding the characteristics of these groups of people adds more depth and knowledge surrounding the psychological concept of self-monitoring. (Snyder, 1979).
When not deemed as psychotic, stalkers are considered plagued by some type of personality disorder or fueled by unique psychological factors. In the most severe cases, the stalker is defined as a predatory stalker or sociopath. Whatever the psychological rationale may be, the stalker rarely comprehends the fear he/she is causing the other person. Blinded by his/her motivations to be stalking someone in the first place causes them to lose sight of the fear and terror they are causing. When anger, rage and hostility towards the victim are involved, the stalker is fully aware of the anguish he/she is causing, but feels the victim is deserving of the fear or simply does not
Unfortunately, denial is a common characteristic which results in many stalkers not seeking help. There are laws set in place and victim management that reduce violence and stalker contact. Stalking is a crime in United States, New Zealand, Australia and many European countries. However, places like England and Wales do not consider stalking to be a crime (Economist). In the US, police offices can search an individual suspected as a stalker without a search warrant. Cops also perform the "Knock and Talk" strategy which is when policemen gives the stalker a warning to scare them. While the cops tell the individual to stop, they see if the suspected stalker poses any threat. They also should learn about the suspect as much as possible (Maxey). If they seem dangerous, they may have surveillance of the suspect to be prepared for any violent acts. Victims are asked to stop all contact with the suspect, keep a log every time the stalker tries to contact, call the police to reports incidents, obtain restraining order, change phone number, change up routines, tell family, tell friends, trace suspicious calls, and avoid places where the stalker would be
Threatening behavior or unwanted advances directed at another using the Internet or other forms of online communication is considered cyberstalking. This form of stalking has emerged in recent years. Very little is known about cyberstalking, but its behaviors can vary from a nonthreatening e-mail to a potentially deadly encounter between the stalker and targeted victim.