1. Describe the material components of optical fiber cable.
A) Optical fiber comprises of a section of glass or plastic encompassed by an opaque external coat. The glass or plastic itself comprises of two concentric sections. The internal segment called the core has a higher index of refraction than the external segment called the cladding.
2. Indicate some significant differences between broadcast radio and microwave.
a. Microwaves are small parts of radio.
b. The radio’s frequency is much greater than microwave, radio has 300 GHz to 3 KHz whereas microwave has 300 GHz to 3MHz.
c. Radio are used for long distance communication but microwave is not.
d. The main purpose of the radio is to have communication and microwave is used for industries
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What function does a modem perform?
A) Modems are utilized to transmit digital data by means of simple analog system. "Modem" is gotten from the expression "modulator-demodulator." The fundamental elements of a modem are to modulate an analog carrier signal to convey digital data; and to demodulate a comparable signal to decode the digital data from the analog carrier signal.
6. Compare Non-return-to-Zero-Level (NRZ-L) and Manchester codes for generating the following digital data string: 110111010010. (Draw
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What is a major disadvantage of asynchronous transmission?
A) Asynchronous transmission requires an overhead of a few bits for each character, and is, in this way, essentially less productive than synchronous transmission.
8. How is synchronization provided for synchronous transmission?
A) Data exchange technique that a proceeding with stream of web information signs is unquestionably together with the perfect time indicators to make certain the vector and the receiver are normally in stage (synchronized) together. The data is sent in prevents dispersed by settled day and age periods.
9. Describe sliding window flow control.
A) Sliding windows, a strategy otherwise called windowing, is utilized by the Internet's Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) as a technique for controlling the stream of bundles between two PCs or system has. TCP requires that every single transmitted data be recognized by the getting host. Sliding windows is a technique by which numerous bundles of information can be insisted with a solitary affirmation.
10. What is the process of “borrowing” bits usually used for a host address and using them for the network portion of an IP address called? (one word)
A) Subnet
Microwaves were first created in 1947 being 1.8 meters in height and 750 lbs created by Percy Spencer while building magnetrons for radar sets during World War II. The magnetrons would allow the radar sets to indicate where the enemy machinery was located, since the microwaves would reflect off metal. When Percy Spencer was<> working with the microwaves he noticed that a chocolate bar melted when exposed to the microwaves. Testing the capability of the microwave to cook food he used first popcorn which was successful and secondly an egg which exploded. The first microwaves, then called the Radarange, were used only in the military and for large restaurants due to their size, then the size was decreased in the 1952's and was priced $1295 which models the microwaves we see in households today.
In the early of the 1920s the mobile radio communication was used in a vehicle by Detroit Michigan Police Dept. Since it was operated at frequency of 2MHz the channels got overcrowded too quickly.
Am radio uses Amplitude Modulation (AM), which works by varying the strength of the transmitted signal in relation to the information being sent. When you tune into an AM radio station, for example 1560 on the AM dial the transmitter’s sine wave is transmitted the data at 1560,000 hertz. What this number essentially means is that the sine wave repeats every 1560,000 times per second. The data is modulated onto the carrier wave by changing the amplitude of this sine wave. The radio station uses and amplifier in order to amplify the signal. For large AM stations the signal is amplified to about 50,000 watts. After the signal has been amplified the radio station sends the radio waves out into space with the help of an antenna. This is essentially how data gets transmitted from an AM station onto a radio receiver. Now let’s take at the inner working of an AM receiver and required steps in order to take that signal from the air and into a speaker.
Each radio station that desires to have a frequency(signal) on AM radio must notify the FCC and are assigned a frequency that they can use to send their information out on. The very first part of the transmitter is a quartz crystal. This is used because it is very stable and efficient which is important because there are certain laws and guidelines that the stations must abide by. They cannot go over or below the assigned frequency by more than 5K hertz, making a bandwidth of 10K hertz. After the quartz crystal, is an oscillator where the actual physics of the transmitter comes in. The oscillator is made up of a variety of electronics components including an operational amplifier and a combination of resistors and capacitors.
The word modem is an acronym for Modulator Demodulator. Modems accept digital data supplied by the personal computer, and convert it to a modulated analog waveform that can be transmitted over an analog telephone line. Modems also work in reverse. They take a modulated analog wave from the phone line, then convert it to a digital form, then pass it onto the personal computer (PC). Modems, at connection, send tones to each other to negotiate the fastest mutually supported modulation method that will work over whatever quality of line has been established for that call. There are two main differences in the types of modems for the PC, internal and external.
...evel messages into frames. Sent data needs to be checked for errors when using some protocols and the data link layer monitors and corrects errors that occur on lower levels of the network.
Protocol compatibility is an important issue. Since a protocol is like a language for computers on a network, it is important that the devices on a network speak the same language, or use the same protocol, so that data can be successfully delivered. For example, if a computer on a network needs to print a document, it is necessary for the computer and the network printer to have the same protocol. Once a standard is established, all the devices on a network will be able to work together in a network environment. If two devices on a network are not using the same protocol, the two devices will be unable to communicate (Whitehead 125).
FM is since the frequency is varied, station takes up more room on the band.
The radio is a wireless form of communication which is transmitted through sounds or signals by electromagnetic waves directly through space to a receiving set. Some types of radio communications are HAM radios, CB (Citizen Band) radios, Cell Phones, Radio Scanners and Walkie-talkies. Radio communications are widely used in the United States and majority of it is used by law enforcement and emergency services. Police/Sheriff, Fire-Rescue, Highway Patrol, Ambulance and EMS are some of the agencies that use radio communications.
However, the Internet makes vast improvements over the telegraphic system. It replaced human operators with machines like switches, routers, and hubs. These do the work of the telegraph operator in substantially less time with greater accuracy. Also, while the telegraph system relied on circuit switching, the Internet utilizes a better method, known as packet switching. A circuit switched connection dedicates one communication channel to each exchange of information. However, packet switching breaks messages up into smaller units, which are distributed through multiple channels. The networking devices decide on which lines are the fastest, and will send the majority of packets over the fastest line. As more packets use this line, it will become more congested. As a result, packets will go to other lines tha...
Microwaves are electromagnetic radiation waves that have a very short wavelength. These waves can be used in various ways, for example, radars, communication or heating.
Electromagnetic energy has a very important role in everyday life. It can be seen from the field of technology, information, communication and in the field of health. Example in the field of communication can be seen with the use of mobile phones among the community. Thanks to microwaves, one can give orders
Radio broadcasting is one of the most effective technologies that effected the world, it is conveying a voice message by means of electromagnetic radiation intended for a general audience. The main inventor is Guglielmo Marconi, beginning in the mid-1890s in Northern Italy and building on the work of others. For much of the twentieth century, the radio broadcasting was becoming dominant, because it is providing entertainment such as music, drama, and comedy also the news to millions of people all over the world primarily through the broadcasting voice and supply educational materials so use of radio as an educational tool further led to augment its informational function. In addition, it considered one of the most comfortable and flexible ways
The Ham Radios possess multiple advantages. Other than their ability of efficient communication during emergencies, it is also used for shortwave communication. In addition, where other radios might demand batteries or grids for recharging, these radios only demand a few power supplies. Their power requirements can be fulfilled using solar or even hydro resources.