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Arguments for and against utilitarianism
The case of utilitarianism
The case of utilitarianism
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In the case of Cassandra C, she is faced with a curable cancer, Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Without treatment this cancer is deadly, surely killing her if she does not seek said treatment. This is where the dilemma of the Cassandra C case begins, she deems the treatment, chemotherapy, as poisonous to the body and refuses to do the treatment. The court overrules her negligence and she is forced to undergo chemotherapy. With that said, I am going to give the correct course of action regarding the perspective of utilitarianism and how non-consequentialism fails in this specific case. The first importance of the perspective of utilitarianism in the case of Cassandra is the legalistic aspect of it. If Cassandra were given the right to walk away …show more content…
from state law via a subjective maturity evaluation then a precedent will be set legalistically and controversy will ensue. The uproar of a court’s decision to inadvertently send a minor to her death would be antithetical to the basis of utilitarianism, to produce the maximum good. Non-consequentialist theories fail in this regard is it’s inability to foresee the bad that could come from not taking action. In the legalistic aspect of the case it’s imperative that the outcome of a case can completely shape future cases, rendering non-consequentialism unjustifiable. Therefore, the supreme court was correct in their decision from a legalistic aspect. The next part of the case covers more trivial matters in reference to morals.
One of the controversial elements of the case was the use of “inhumane” methods. When using a consequentialist theory it’s important to endorse that the ends justify the means. It’s also important to have a gauge of how inhumane the actions, because if too inhumane, then the ends are not justified. In strict regards to utilitarianism the measure of this is the maximum amount of happiness, if the means cause unhappiness greater than what the ends produce then it is considered too inhumane. To apply this to the case, Cassandra was not too inhumanely treated in that the result of her death would cause much more unhappiness to a general public and immediate family than the failure to acquiesce to her will. This contradicts the non-consequentialist in that it is inhumane not by a gauge, but it’s intrinsic value. The utilitarian theory is better in this case because rather than giving arbitrary intrinsic value, an indicative gauge is given in order to weigh whether inhumanity was justified. Inhumane measures are necessary when the judgement of a minor is clouded by fear of poison to her body, especially when the alternative is greater than the poison. This leads to another point of utilitarianism’s strength in this case. Cassandra was so irrational that she could not see that not only was the treatment going to produce the most happiness for everyone, but also for her as an individual. This throws non-consequentialist in a paradoxical circle as a difficult question resounds from this. Is it intrinsically good to let her pursue her wants, and realistically suffer a much more painful, strenuous death or is it intrinsically good to do what leads to intrinsic
good. In conclusion I believe from the perspective of utilitarianism that the court was right in forcing Cassandra to adhere to the treatment. It was also further justified from a utilitarian view legalistically. I also believe that they were correct in using the methods deemed as “inhumane” in that they do not meet the utilitarian measure of what is deemed inhumane. So, overall I believe the case was handled in a respectable manner in regards to a utilitarian perspective
Utilitarianism argues that, we need to consider how much overall happiness of the action could bring, considering everyone involved. For example, how will Brittany’s choice for euthanasia affect her husband, friend, and parents? In Craig’s case, how will his choice for euthanasia affect his wife, son, and daughter? In both of their cases, that devastation that they will die is already difficult for them, and their families. Craig’ wife and his two children were sad that he was making the decision to die before his illness consumed him. Her daughter speaks on how hard it was for her, and in a sense relieved, she was not present when her father took his own life. Brittany was a newlywed, it was extremely sad for her husband and brother in law to know she was taking her life beforehand. To make a choice an act-utilitarian would need to balance out the overall happiness compared to the suffering. Both Brittany and Craig will eventually die. If they both let their terminal illness progress they would inflict extreme suffering on themselves and their family as they witnessed their pain. In Craig’s case, his illness will get worst it will cause paralysis. His major concern was on how would he be able to let
Planning included reaching out to other health organizations, objectives, and goals of health fair were established. The implementation includes getting volunteers, set up for the health fair. The evaluation of the process occurred throughout the implementation and changes were made as needed. The evaluation will be completed by gathering information from health booth to determine the number of participants. Review vendor and participant evaluations about the health fair including how they heard about the health fair, ratings of booths and suggestions for improvements. Record everything to determine changes. Reflection on past experiences and what worked and did not work.
While I can appreciate your reference to consequential ethics, there are many strengths and weakness to consequentialism. In this case study, it is understandable there are potential consequences to allowing and acute stroke patient return to home without an adequate support system. The patient may not be able to take care of herself properly and provide the basic necessities of life. According to Pozgar (2016), based on the view that the value of an action derives solely from the value of its consequences…the goal of a consequentialist is to achieve the great good for the greatest number (p. 38).
Utilitarianism is an example of Consequentialist Ethics, where the morality of an action is determined by its accomplishing its desired results. In both scenarios the desired result was to save the lives of thousands of people in the community. Therefore, a Utilitarian would say that the actions taken in both of the scenarios are moral. Since an (Act) Utilitarian believes that actions should be judged according to the results it achieves. Happiness should not be simply one's own, but that of the greatest number. In both scenarios, the end result saved the lives of 5,000 members of the community. The end result is the only concern and to what extreme is taken to reach this result is of no matter. In these instances the things that are lost are an Inmates religious beliefs or a mothers fetus, on the other hand Thousands of citizens were saved from dying from this disease.
I chose to go into nursing because I had taken a sports medicine class in high school I enjoyed, and I thought I would be guaranteed a job graduating that had something to do with medicine. I can remember being so excited to learn how about illnesses and medications, and all the difference procedures done in the hospital. At the time I thought a nurse’s job was to do what the physicians said, and I expected set guidelines that would tell me what I was and wasn’t allowed to do. I had no idea that I was entering onto a career path involving so much complexity, and that the skills I had dreamed of learning were such a small part of nursing in comparison to the emotional, decision making, and critical thinking skills that a nursing career requires. Ethics in nursing was not something that had ever crossed my mind when I chose to take this path, however now ethics is something that I think about every day I am practicing, whether in clinical or theory courses. Ethical theories often come from the idea that because we are human we have the obligation to care about other’s best interests (Kozier et al., 2010), however in nursing ethical practice is not just a personal choice but a professional responsibility.
The case under study is of the surgeon who has to decide killing of a normal, but unjust person for the sake of saving five sick people. An act utilitarian in this case would be considering every probable consequences of sacrificing the sixth normal patient while on the other hand, a rule utilitarian will possibly look for the consequences associated with performing such an operation every time a situation like thos would arise. One of the potential rules would claim that: whenever any surgeon can kill one healthy person for the basic purpose of transplanting his organs to save more than one person who actually needs them, then he can surely do it.
Case two illustrates a situation where there is a criminal who has hidden explosives in a crowded area. When he was apprehended, he failed to disclose the information about the implanted bombs. Knowing that time is fleeting, a high ranking official exacts the illegal torture of the bomber’s innocent wife to get him to talk. The question is would it be morally permissible to do so if it was the only way to get him to talk? According to the Utilitarian perspective the general consensus would be that it is morally permissible to torture his innocent wife. This is due to the fact that in utilitarians’ believe the greatest good would come from torturing her than the death of hundreds of civilians. Interestingly enough, however, with utilitarianism things are not always as black and white as it may seem. For example, all three forms of utilitarianism go about answering the question differently. Take act-utilitarianism, for instance. Act-utilitarianism is the ideology that an action is morally right if the action causes more good than bad. By using this approach to the question an act-utilitarian would agree that torturing the innocent woman would entail more happiness altogether, than
According to American Nurses Association (ANA), (2010) “the nurse promotes, advocates for and strives to protect the heath, safety and right of the patient” (p. 6). Nursing responsibilities should be acted at the highest standard and must be based on legal and ethical obligations.
To make good nursing decisions, nurses require an internal roadmap with knowledge of nursing theories. Nursing theories, models, and frameworks play a significant role in nursing, and they are created to focus on meeting the client’s needs for nursing care. According to McEwen and Wills (2014), conceptual models and theories could create mechanisms, guide nurses to communicate better, and provide a “systematic means of collecting data to describe, explain, and predict” about nursing and its practice (p. 25). Most of the theories have some common concepts; others may differ from one theory to other. This paper will evaluate two nursing theorists’ main theories include Sister Callista Roy’s
This essay will provide a theoretical understanding of the four ethical frameworks: Consequentialism, Non- Consequentialism, Virtue Ethics and Care Ethics. When applied to a situation these frameworks help teachers to resolve and justify their decision making. The objective is to apply the four frameworks to the scenario Helping Molly, to establish the most ethical course of action. Finally, a recommended course of action will be justification. The overarching ethical issue present within the Helping Molly scenario is the community sponsorship and the alignment with school beliefs and initiatives.
The former asserts that the “correctness” of an action should be assessed based upon its consequences. Thus to justify punishment, it must be devoid of actual or potential undesirable results. Seeing as it is incredibly unlikely that this will be achieved, this is qualified by the opting for a method that operates at the greatest level of efficiency whilst having the least negative impacts. Although a further complication is that there is no fixed criteria of what constitutes a positive impact or a fixed hierarchy of negative results. The utilitarian approach is one means of helping to measure the positive impacts, looking at human rights and societal as well as individual welfare; something that the non-consequentialist approach does not focus on. This denotes the biggest difference being that this
Friendships may be formed; however, having professional interactions is something that is not always followed. In terms of patient confidentiality, we may not realize that a HIPPA violation has occurred due to a friendly conversation with coworkers. If a patient were to overhear their nurse discussing their information in an unprofessional manner, then it may cause issues with a patient’s dignity and their rights. If a patient’s right is violated, then it can lead to a patient’s mistrust in their caregiver, leading to mistrust in the facilities, and can end with a patient’s health being compromised. The patient is the reason for this career; if the needs of the patient are being unmet or violated then the purpose of our occupation will be unsuccessful and indifferent.
Ethics asses the values, morals, and principles of nurses. Legal codes or laws are rules established by our government. It’s important that nurses have a clear and comprehensive understanding of ethical and legal codes within their career. The understanding of these codes is essential for nurses to safely practice and to protect their patients. Nurses must abide by these principles or face the consequences of legal action. These principles include autonomy, utilitarianism, confidentiality, and many others. Autonomy is the agreement to respect ones right to determine a course of action, while utilitarianism is what is best for most people as defined in American Nurses Association. In order to give you a
While the doctors were most likely using their standard of best interest, autonomy is an ethical principle that plays in Cassandra’s defense. Autonomy can be described as an agreement to respect another’s right to self-determine a course of action. In this case, it is difficult to argue that autonomy played a role in the decision-making. In the article, it is stated that for the legal situation that occurred to happen is unusual, but in extreme cases, where parents of minors refuse treatment when the patient will surely die, results in action by the Department of Children and Families. The patient, Cassandra, however, was 17 almost 18. This is not using autonomy it is purely the department using the standard of best interest in their opinion.
A utilitarian approach to moral reasoning is also one where different options are weighed, although utilitarians are interested in minimising harm and maximising benefit. Importantly, utilitarians hold a universal perspective when reasoning, where they consider the impact upon all those who may be affected, who have interests of their own (Grace & Cohen 2013: 14-15).