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Geography and early civilizations
Geography and early civilizations
Geography and early civilizations
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The people of ancient civilizations like ancient China and ancient Greece chose to move from one place to another frequently to find a location that was most suitable for their settlement. How they determined a location was based on both its economical and geographical features. They would ask questions like “Will the soil be fertile enough to sustain plant life?” “Can I trade easily within the location?” “Is the terrain rocky or flat?” and so on. I will be analyzing the push and pull factors of ancient China and ancient Greece to determine why they moved from one region of their country to another. Pull factors are the good features of a region that would make people want to come to it like desirable economical and geographical features. Push factors are the bad features of a region that would cause people to want to move away from that region possibly because of economical and geographical features.
Ancient China was split into two principle regions, Inner and Outer China. The land of Inner China contained fertile land and could sustain a larger population than could the land of Outer China. Most of the population of China settled here for that reason. These regions then were each divided into five sub regions. Outer China contained three of these regions, the Tibet- Qinghai Plateau, the Northwestern Deserts, and the Northeastern Plain. Inner China held the remaining two, the North China Plain and the Chang Jiang Basins. Each of the regions had their own reasons why they were desirable or not to the nomads passing though China. The Tibet- Qinghai Plateau was an unwanted area of land because of many geographic factors that were stacked against it. One such reason was that the Plateau was very rocky and mountainous which discou...
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...hose a region where it would be easy to settle down, an area with plenty of food and water not to mention an easy life. Their choices not only had an effect on themselves but also had a long term affect on the region that they chose to settle in. An example is the North China Plain and how its economic opportunities broadened when more and more people moved to it. The people of ancient civilizations whether ancient China or ancient Greece chose to move from one place to another frequently to find a location that was most suitable for their settlement. How they chose the region was based on its economic and geographic factors which were determined by the experiences of others there. The ancient nomadic people wanted what was best for them and used push and pull factors to do this. They analyzed to area with various methods and in return got what was the best for them.
Despite the social hierarchy and acceptance of position of the population in both societies, Han China and Classical Athens had disparities proportionate to their physical sizes. The geographical isolation from each other resulted in the differences in demographics, characteristics of government structures, individual duties and roles in government, and the general view of life.
Push Factors are negative aspects or conditions that motivate one to leave. In one's country, region, organization, religion, etc. Overall, push factors are those that encourage a population to leave their home. A pull factor is an economic, social, political or environmental condition that entices people to immigrate or move to a new location. In this case, British North America.
Ancient Greece and China had similar problems. They both had to deal with civil wars. They also dealt with rivers flooding. Lastly, they both had to deal with plague that killed a lot of the population in the Ancient lands.
During the years of 3500 BC to 2500 BC, the geography of a land often impacted a civilizations development in great measures. Depending on the resources available or the detriments present due to certain topographical characteristics like rivers or deserts, a civilization could flourish or collapse. By studying the geographic features of growing societies like the Nile, Euphrates, and Tigris Rivers as well as the Mediterranean Sea of Egypt and Mesopotamia, the link between developing cultures and geography will be examined through sources, including Egypt: Ancient Culture, Modern Land edited by Jaromir Malek and Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization by Paul Kriwaczek. To determine the extent of its influence, this investigation will attempt to compare and contrast the role of geography in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, focusing on the civilizations’ various periods of development and settlement.
From 1700 to roughly 220 BCE (before the Common Era), the region currently known as China was divided into six states: Qin, Wei, Zhao, Qi, Yan and Zhongshan, each ruled by different kings. These inter-warring states were already familiar with wall building techniques, each having constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders. When Shih Huangdi, the young king of the ancient Chinese state of Qin (also spelled Ch’in, from which the word China derives), conquered each of the remaining five states in 221 BCE, the continuous warring finally came to an end. By conquering these states, Shih Huangdi established the Qin Dynasty, thus creating the first unification of China, and the first Chinese central government. In his efforts to make this new concept of centralized rule “stick”, as well as prevent the reemergence of feudal lords, Shih Huangdi ordered the destruction of the wall sections that divided his empire along the forme...
Ming China in premodern times was not as populated and geographically large as it is today, but it was still quite large in both aspects, especially comparing to other empires around such era. About hlaf of chinas population worked for the government in some form. These people known as bureocracts were highly educated and knew how to read and write. Education aided the country to be smart in trade, foreing aspects, and army tactics. Having most of the country educated in political manners also meant their strong army would be intelligent enough to come up with techniques to defend the territory as well as invading sorrounding lands.
Geographic differences between these two countries were a major factor in determining stability. Mesopotamia rose out of a largely unorganized world c.c. ten thousand B.C. As birthplace of civilization, Mesopotamians had to deduce the best way to become civilized without example or instruction. The first step towards civilization was the transition to hunters and gatherers. Mesopotamians established farms with domesticated animals and seeds of barley and wheat. The fertile-crescent, which rested between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, became the cradle of this young organized civilization. The fertile-crescent didn’t always have enough water to sustain crops. Weather was unpredictable, and the rivers didn’t always produce enough water to irrigate the crops. Alternately, the rivers could flood without any notice causing severe hardships on the people. These calamities were due to the amount of rain or snow fall to the North and South. This precarious way of life contributed greatly to the unstable mentality and economic hardships of the Mesopotamians. A short time after Mesopotamia was form, Egypt began to rise out of th...
The Mongols, during their conquest of the world, shaped it. As they conquered new lands, he moved around people that he didn’t want to stay there. He moved the most educated to different areas of the world in order for them to run his administration.
...s. These lands were “usually in less desirable locations and discouraged any successful transition to agriculture”.24
Abounding similarities exist between the Mesopotamian and Greek societies. As history progresses many cultural advances occur, but societies also adopt some of the same characteristics as preceding societies, you will notice this between the Mesopotamian and Greek civilizations. After learning about the Greek civilizations I immediately began generating connections to Mesopotamian societies. I noticed similarities in all aspects of society, whether it was religion, military, architecture or any other cultural idiosyncrasies.
In ancient civilizations, geography affected them in so many ways, like the climate, resources, and the landscape that they use. The climates affect them because monsoons were offend common that brought heavy rain and wind to the area. The mountains provided them with protection against invasions, but the mountains were also used for trading with other to get the resources that they needed.
India and China however, were landlocked and were by far the greatest industrial powers in the world till the Industrial revolution. Technology, not geography, helped temperate agriculture and industry to zoom ahead. One way a country overcomes geographical isolation is to improve its transportation infrastructure. Better roads, ports, paths, and other modes of transport provide access to world markets. But a country can only derive full benefits from these investments against a backdrop of good trade and macroeconomic policies. Consequently this leads to the belief that people again control the thought of their own geography.
With deserts and the Himalayas running along most of the border, it was extremely difficult to cross over one of the most dangerous mountain ranges in the world and a few other scorching deserts with the little transport they had during that time. The only way merchants could come into the country was the southeastern coast of China, where most of the prosperous cities resided. What led China to become conceited was because they had an abundance of goods that most of the world wanted. In the 1760-1830s, China was famous for its porcelain (rich Europeans loved it), silk, and of course, tea. Since this Eastern Powerhouse’s goods were so popular, therefore, there were only a few things that interested them to trade with.
Hoobler, Dorothy, Thomas Hoobler, and Michael Kort, comps. China: Regional Studies Series. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Globe Fearon, 1993. 174-177.
For this reason alone, geography is “one of the world’s oldest disciplines, but for many people today, one of the least understood” (Sharma and Elbow, 2000, p. 4). The first people to accurately record their thoughts and surroundings of the world around them on paper were the Greeks, led by Herodotus and his theory of how our environment can influence humans, our culture, and our way of life. His theory might have been outdated, but it definitely paved towards one of geography’s most significant research question. As time progressed so did man’s interest in studying the world around them; from the days of the Roman Empire, Strabo and Ptolemy, were considered ahead of their time, they wrote two famous pieces called Geography and Guide to Geography. They attempted to explain both the “physical and human phenomena of their world” (Sharma and Elbow, 2000, p. 4). After their work was ransacked from the library of Alexandria in 391 A.D., both pieces of work had vanished. It had resurfaced in Europe during the Age of Discovery, where one of the most famous explorers at that time, Christopher Columbus, had read both pieces and became interested in exploration, in which he founded the new world on his quest to find another trade route, other than by land, from Spain to India and Asia. Thus, by extension “in that era, geography was precisely defined and there was an overwhelming consensus about its nature and relationship with other enquiries” (Mayhew, 2001, pg.