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Egypt civilization and its culture
Industrialization impact on the environment
Egypt civilization and its culture
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Historical Background
The normality and lavishness of the yearly Nile River surge, combined with semi-disconnection gave by deserts toward the east and west, took into account the improvement of one of the world's extraordinary human advancements. A brought together kingdom emerged around 3200 B.C., and a progression of lines ruled in Egypt for the following three centuries. The last local tradition tumbled to the Persians in 341 B.C., who thusly were supplanted by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who presented Islam and the Arabic dialect in the seventh century and who ruled for the following six centuries. A neighborhood military station, the Mamluks took control around 1250 and kept on representing after the success
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of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Fruition of the Suez Canal in 1869 raised Egypt as an imperative world transportation center point. Apparently to secure its speculations, Britain seized control of Egypt's administration in 1882, however ostensible dependability to the Ottoman Empire proceeded until 1914. In part free from the UK in 1922, Egypt obtained full sway from Britain in 1952. The fulfillment of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have modified the time-regarded spot of the Nile River in the farming and nature of Egypt. A quickly developing populace (the biggest in the Arab world), restricted arable area, and reliance on the Nile all keep on overtaxing assets and anxiety society. The administration has attempted to meet the requests of Egypt's populace through monetary change and huge interest in interchanges and physical base. Roused by the 2010 Tunisian unrest, Egyptian restriction bunches drove exhibitions and work strikes countrywide, coming full circle in President Hosni MUBARAK's ouster. Egypt's military accepted national authority until another parliament was set up in mid 2012; later that same year, Mohammed MORSI won the presidential decision. Taking after regularly rough challenges all through the spring of 2013 against MORSI's legislature and the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian Armed Forces mediated and expelled MORSI from force in July 2013 and supplanted him with between time president Adly MANSOUR. In January 2014, voters affirmed another constitution by choice and in May 2014 chose Abdel Fattah EL SISI president. Egypt chose a new legislature in December 2015, the primary parliament since 2012. Geography A Northern African country, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea. Egypt has a very hot, and dry climate, often followed by periodic droughts, and sandstorms.It’s ranked 30th for biggest area in the world coming at about 1,001,450 sq km, Its more than eight times the size of Ohio, also slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico. Egypt also contains many natural resources like, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, manganese, and etc… It’s environment faces many issues which include, agricultural lands being lost to urbanization, and windblown sand, oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats, and more. People and Society It's the 16th most populated country in the world with 88,487,396 (July 2015 EST.) people. Its birth rates are 22.9 births per 1000 people, which ranks it's at the 69th in birth rate in comparison to the rest of the world. Life expectancy is at 73.7 years, it has risen 2 years since 2013. The Age structure is 0-14 years old is 31.89%, 15-24 years is 17.64 %, 25-54 years is 38.45%, 55-64 years is 6.86%, and 65 years and over is 5.16%. 99.6% of the population are Egyptian, and about 0.4% consist of Greek, Armenian, Nubian, and Berber. Regarding Religion, about 90% of the population are Muslim, and only about 10% are Christians, mainly Coptic Orthodox. Education isn’t so bad for a country that has been in many troubles recently, it literacy rate is about 78.3%. The Education system consists of Primary schools (ages 4-16), High Schools (ages 15-17) which only consists of three years, unlike most countries where its 4, and last but not least higher education which can include colleges, and technical schools. (ages 18-22) . The Egyptian government is a republican government, it had just recently elected its 6th president in 2014 following the revolution of 2011, and the failure of the 5th president. Economy Occupying the northeast corner of the African continent, Egypt is divided by the highly life-giving nile river, where most economic activity happens. Egypt’s economy was highly controlled by one central place during the rule of the former president Gamal Abdel NASSER, but opened up a lot under former President Anwar EL-SADAT and Mohamed Hosni MUBARAK. Cairo from 2004 to 2008 chased after business changes to attract foreign investment and help the growth in the economy. Poor living conditions and limited job opportunities for the average Egyptian made the public unhappy, a major factor leading to the January 2011 revolution that had Mubarak thrown out. The uncertain political, security, and policy surrounding the conditions of the revolution since 2011 caused money-based growth to slow significantly, hurting tourism, manufacturing, and other areas and boosting the rate of unemployment. Weak growth and limited foreign exchange earnings have made public finances unsuitable, leaving people in charge depended on expensive borrowing for shortage in finance and on friends from the Gulf to help cover the import bill. In 2015, higher levels of foreign investment gave a small rebound in GDP growth after an especially depressed after-revolution period. The (GDP) in Egypt was worth 286.54 billion US dollars in 2014. The GDP value of Egypt represents 0.46 percent of the world economy. GDP in Egypt averaged 63 USD Billion from 1960 until 2014, reaching an all time high of 286.54 USD Billion in 2014 and a record low of 4 USD Billion in 1962. The real growth rate was 4.2% in 2015, almost doubled what it was in 2014. It’s ranked the 58th in real growth rate. Egypt is split into three major sectors, Agriculture, Industry, and Services. Egypt’s products consist of:cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, and goats in agriculture. The Major industries are made up of: textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals, and light manufactures. It also has the 23rd largest labor force coming in at about 28.87 million in 2015. Exporting about 20.88 billion as of 2015 makes Egypt the 72nd in comparison to the world, exports include: crude oil, petroleum products, fruits and vegetables, cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals, and processed food. Egypt’s exporting partners are made up of : Italy, Saudi Arabia, India, Turkey, and the U.S. Surpassing its exports, its imports are about 57.91 billion, putting it the 47th place in comparison to the world. The country’s major imports are: machinery, equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products, and fuels. Many countries like: China, Germany, US, Kuwait, Italy, Ukraine, Russia, and Turkey are importing partners with Egypt. Through many relations with different countries, Egypt’s communication, and transportation have grown over the year. It's the 26th country in telephone subscriptions, and 17th in cellular device. Telephones are about 6.32 million, and cellular devices are 95.3 million, that's 110 phones per 100 people. The media is broadcast through state-run and private media. The networks consist of 2 national and 6 regional networks run by the state, and 20 private satellite channels and many more available through subscriptions. Egypt also has the 15th largest internet users coming in at about 42 million, that's 48.3 % of the population. Transportation plays a major role in every country, it's used for many things like: exporting, importing and for the necessities of the average Egyptian citizens. Egypt ranks 37th in both Roadways, and Railways in comparison to the rest of the world. Roadways are about 137,430 km, and Railways are about 5,058 km. It also has 67 merchant marine, putting it at 62nd in comparison to the rest of the world, consisting of: 16 bulk carrier, 20 cargo, 3 container, 7 passenger, 12 petroleum tanker, and 9 roll-on/ roll-off. 66th in Airports compared to the rest of the world with 83 airports, and 7 Heliports. And on top of all that has 5 major seaports, 2 major oil terminals, 3 major container ports, and 2 LNG terminals. Even though transportation and communication are changing things up through exports and imports, much still remains the same. Egypt still contains many of its raw materials that consist of: Gold, Silver, Copper, Electrum, Bronze, Tin, and Lead. Power is important, and some of Egypt’s power comes through electricity,ranking it at 26th in production, and 26th in consumption. 155.3 billion kWh is produced, and 135.6 billion kWh is consumed. A small amount of electricity is imported ranking it at about 97th in the world, the amount imported is 77 million kWh. But electricity isn’t the only source of energy, Egypt is the largest oil and natural gas consumer in Africa,accounting for about 20% of petroleum and other liquids consumption and 40% of dry natural gas consumption in Africa in 2013.In production, Egypt produces 478,400 bbl/day of oil, ranking it number 29th compare to the rest of the world. In regards to natural gas, Egypt is 17th in comparison to the rest of the world in production, producing around 57.6 billion cu m. Energy helping payments have added to rising energy demand and a high shortage of money. Egypt's total first energy use was 1.7 million barrels per day (b/d) of oil equal in 2013, according to the BP 2014 (related to studying numbers) Review of World Energy.Natural gas and oil are the first (or most important) fuels used to meet Egypt's energy needs,accounting for 94% of the country's total energy use in 2013. Oil is mostly used in the transportation area, while natural gas is used for power area and transportation in the form of compressed natural gas (CNG) in vehicles. The fast growth of oil and natural gas consumption over the past twenty years has been driven by increased industrial output, money-based growth, energy-intensive natural gas and oil extraction projects, population growth, an increase in private and commercial vehicle sales, and energy helping payments. Energy is important, it’s what powers technology that helps move a country forward. As a country that was built off innovation and inventions back in the ancient times. Egypt’s technology is growing more and more everyday, especially after the events of the revolution in 2011. Today, technology remains a cornerstone of Egyptian society. The country’s telecommunications sector comprises several global service providers, including Etisalat Misr, Mobinil, Orascom Telecom and Vodafone.These established firms have reportedly witnessed a 23.1 percent growth rate since 2008. At the end of 2011, the country had 83.8 million mobile subscribers, nearly 100 percent penetration.Global research company Frost & Sullivan has reported that broadband Internet is considered to be a high-growth area and the sector generates revenue in the region of $6,35 billion. This figure is expected to exceed $11 billion by 2018.As well as many advances that are being created for Agriculture, Fishing, and Biotechnologies. Also many initiatives like Egypt’s Smart Village, that are designed to provide a high tech environment necessary in small villages. The pace of development and growth of technology and the economy will likely depend on the buy-in of key role players including government and the business sector.One of Egypt’s most well known technology powerhouses falls under the Sawiris family. Naguib Sawiris is the founder of Orascom Telecom Holding SAE and is reported to have a net worth of $2,5 billion. Onsi Sawiris, who founded the Orascom Group, is reported to have a net worth of $2,17 billion.With the world’s attention once again fixed on Egypt’s socio-political status, Information and communication Technology is likely to play an even more important role going forward. Slowly but surely it’s developing beyond its old habits and restricting guidelines. While growing the country has faced issues with the it’s foreign investment. Before the political crisis, Egypt was an attractive Middle Eastern destination for foreign investment. The dynamic growth of the economy was around 7% before the crisis, its great geographical position, low labour costs, skilled workforce, unique tourist destinations, substantial energy reserves, large domestic market, and the success of the reforms undertaken by the authorities all helped raise the FDI. Shortly after the FDI decreased as a result of the economic crisis and the revolution, but then started growing again. It increased from USD 4.3 billion in 2014 to USD 6.7 billion in 2015, and is still gradually increasing. Environmental Issues Being a vast desert plateau, Egypt had faced and still faces many environmental issues because of its very dry and hot climate.
Some of the issues include: farmland being lost to urbanization and windblown sand, Desertification, water pollution, limited freshwater resources, and rapid growth in population. While industrializing, Egypt has lost much of its farmland and due to the heavy use of Oil, Desertification is becoming a major issue, since the oil pollution is threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats. Water pollution is up next on the list, because of all of the pesticides, herbicides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents. Which is causing much of the Nile’s water to become polluted, and that opens the next issue of the limited freshwater resources that are available in Egypt. Last but not least, the rapid growth of the population is overstraining the Nile, and most of Egypt’s natural …show more content…
resources. Summary A kingdom once ruled by kings and queens, Egypt had a very sophisticated and advanced civilization.
Once a monarchy now a republic, many years later the country has faced many conflicts and flounder times, most recent the revolution of 2011, which left the country in a broken state. With success and effort to rebuild, Egypt still faces some major economic challenges. These challenges range from: reestablishing security, bringing back business, reforming subsidies, and labor intensive industries and exports. Strengthening the country’s army and government is one of the most important challenges, but leading businessmen and attracting tourist, and billionaires to come back is another very difficult challenge. Reforming subsidies and ending government controlled industries, and exports are also issues that face current president, and the rest of the government. While broken, Egypt contributes to the world economy, by providing our raw resources, many previous innovations, and exports. Bouncing back from a revolution is tough, but Egypt can become beneficial to our businesses and labor force and way of life, by growing back into prosperous and tourist full country. It can also become a host for many big industries to boost its economy even more. If Egypt remains on the same track, they are bound to have a good economy, as we can see from changes like the real growth rate which doubled within 2014 to 2015. Another change is their unemployment rate it has decreased from 13% to
12%, even though it seems like a small change, it’s still very important to the economy.
...al deficit that according a paper from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is made up of "institutions that influence the work of the bureaucracy, institutions that shape politicians' behaviour by punishing or rewarding certain types of behaviour – influencing the accountability and transparency of politicians – and institutions that widen political space and participation for Egyptian citizens" (Alissa). Economically, “the price of basic food supplies such as meat, grain, rice, and sugar has doubled over the past few years, while simultaneously, real wages are falling” (Goodman). Because of this the Egyptian people became malcontented and frustrated with their lives. Overall, while the majority of the long term causes were economic or political in nature, technological developments remained a steady undercurrent that carried these other causes forward.
First, political Islam has rogue Egypt and held it down, suffocating the country, not allowing it to stand a chance. President Hosni Mubarak was ousted and people thought that Egypt was getting better. It has not been the case. While Zaki lives in faded luxury and chases women, Bothayna endures sexual harassment while working as a shop assistant to provide for her poor family after the death of her father. Meanwhile her boyfriend, Taha, son of the building's janitor, is rejected by the police and decides to join a radical Islamic group. Egypt is heading towards a bottomless abyss. Everything is controlled by the elite. Jobs are no more; it is preserved for the top. This increases the plight of the people and leads them into committing some of the acts seen in Islam as bad or as a taboo. The political elite are crashing its opponents and ensuring that whoever com...
Overall, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi is working on reinstating the Egyptian government and the people of Egypt.
According to Stuart A. Kallen in 525 BC Egypt lost its independence and would not regain it for the next 2,500. Alexander the Great was the first to conquer Egypt, leading up to the colonization by the British-Ottoman Empire and many more. One of the most important pre-colonization dynasties was the Ptolemaic, it ran on a Greek political structure and supported the growing culture center of artists, scientist, and philosophers. As it passed through the hands of the Romans, a new dynasty of Muslims formed the Fatimid. They brought a “period of prosperity for Egypt” (Kallen, 42)
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any nation in the world. Written history of Egypt dates back to about 5,000 years, the commencement of civilization. While there is divergence in relation to Early Egyptian times, it is said that Egypt came to be around 3200 B.C., during the reign of a king by the name of Menes and unified the northern and southern cities of Egypt into one government. In 1675 B.C., Egypt was invaded by the Hyksos, people from the east, bringing along the very first of chariots and horses ever to come across Egyptian soil. Approximately 175 years later in 1500 B.C., the Egyptians had gotten rid of the Hyksos and driven them out. In 1375 B.C., Amenhotep IV had become the king of Egypt. During his reign he eliminated the worship of Egyptian gods and initiated the idea of only worshipping one god. But after his death, his ideas were retired and old ways were reestablished. Egyptian supremacy then started to decline around 1000 B.C. Between 1000 B.C. and 332 B.C., Egypt was ruled by many such as the Libyans, Assyrians, Ethiopians, and Persians. In 640, Muslims conquered Egypt and founded the city of Cairo in 969 and deemed it as the capital of Egypt. For many centuries Egypt was ruled by Muslim caliphs. A prominent ruler of this period was Saladin, who battled the Christian Crusaders at the conclusion of the twelfth century. In 1798 Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt but was then forced to withdraw in 1801 Turkish and British armed forces. In 1805 Mohamed Ali began ruling Egypt till 1848 and great changed the country in terms of modernization and its military. During Mohamed’s conquest, he borrowed a lot of money from the French and British, which later resulted in Egypt’s coloniza...
Through military expansion, Egypt grew over centuries and became an empire controlling most of the ancient Middle East. Its territory extended nor...
Desertification to The Sahel The region known as the Sahel is a wide stretch of land running from the Atlantic ocean to the African "Horn", an area that contains the countries of Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Somalia And it is the strip of land that separates savanna from the desert, the issue I have been researching is Desertification to the Sahel, in other terms, The Sahel is shrinking at an alarming rate. Animals have been allowed to graze on its fragile land, which has destroyed the vegetation. The people who live along the Sahel have caused it to shrink by cutting trees and bushes for fuel.
"All of Egypt is the gift of the Nile." It was the Greek historian Herodotus who made that observation. The remarkable benefits of the Nile are clear to everyone, but through history he was the first to talk about it and consider its fascination. Through history, the Nile played a major role in the building of civilizations. The first civilizations to appear in history started on a river valley or in a place where resources are numerous and example of these are in India where Indus river is found and Tigris where Euphrates is found and many other places (cradles of civilization).
The Nile River is arguably one of the most important water sources in the world and has an extremely rich history dating back thousands of years. Without the Nile, the ancient Egyptian civilization would have never existed. Egypt is basically a whole lot of sand and not much else, except they have the Nile River flowing through it, on it’s way to the Mediterranean sea. The ancient Egyptians lived along the Nile River and it provided them with abundant water, food (fish) and the opportunity to develop agriculture along it’s banks. The Nile River was also used for transportation and trade with other regions because land travel was more difficult than floating on the river. The Ancient Egyptians were at the mercy of the seasonal flooding and droughts but learned to work within the natural system of the River and weather cycles (Carnegie Museum of Natural History). Modern people, however were more interested in conquering nature, rather than living in harmony with it.
Providing extremely fertile soil is one, if not the most important, roles the Nile River played in the life of the ancient Egyptians. By providing fertile soil, the Nile made it easy for cities and civilizations to grow alongside the banks of the river. This fertile soil comes from the annual flooding of the Nile. This replenishes the top soil with silt deposits that hold much needed nutrients for crops to grow. Ancient Egyptians developed highly complex irrigation methods to maximize the effect of the Nile waters. When the Nile overflows in mid summer, Egyptians divert the waters through the use of canals and dams. As the water seeped into the farm land, rich deposits of silt ensured a good harvest for the year. This allows the civilizations of Egyptians to grow enough food to feed the community. Without the annual flooding of the Nile, Egyptians would have a very difficult time growing necessary amount food to sustain life. Most of the land in the Egyptian nation is dry desert. Very little rain falls year round here. The river provides the needed water to grow the crops as well as provide drinking water for the people. Th...
* Just as the Nile is the primary source of fresh water, it is also
Egyptians began to settle along the banks of the Nile River, Starting as far north as to the city of Alexandria all the way down south to Aswan. They developed into a well-structured society as Far East to the Red Sea and west to Dakhia, Oasis among many (Figure 1.). The Nile River reached far lending a hand in creating a well-known civilization that consisted of building pyramids and producing crops for their pharaoh. Evolving from hunters and gatherers into agriculturalists throughout history, Egypt has claimed to be one of the earliest and most spectacular civilizations of ancient times. One could wonder if, what led to the collapse of this great society resulted from the Egyptians interaction with the environment by overusing natural resources, seasonal flooding of the Nile River can play a role, or even worse feuding wars of rulers that see value in the great Egypt soil that are continuing well into the present day?
Crowcroft Oriando. “Tourism in Egypt: Hope amid a slow recovery”. www.CNN.com. 23 May, 2013. 24/10/2013
The flooding surges of the land, and leaves behind water for the people, and fertile land, which can be used for agriculture. The impact the Nile has on Egypt during the ancient times and present are consierably apparent. The influence the Nile has is so extensive, that even the speech is transposed. For example, "To go north" in the Egyption language is the same as, "to go down stream"; "to go south" the same as "to go upstream." Also, the term for a "foreign country" in Egypt would be used as "highland" or "desert", because the only mountains or deserts would be far away, and foreign to them. The Nile certainly had an exceptional influence on Egypts, both lifestyle and thinking.The Nile also forced a change on the political system and ruling in Egypt.
The first great African civilization developed in the northern Nile Valley in about 5000 BC. Dependent on agriculture, this state, called Egypt, relied on the flooding of the Nile for irrigation and new soils. It dominated vast areas of northeastern Africa for millennia. Ruled by Egypt for about 1800 years, the Kush region of northern Sudan subjugated Egypt in the 8th century BC. Pyramids, temples, and other monuments of these civilizations blanket the river valley in Egypt and northern Sudan.