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Victorian age in literature
Victorian age in literature
Essay about the victorian era in literature
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New Grub Street presents the reader with an accurate and comprehensive picture of late Victorian society, despite the fact that it predominantly focuses only on a small group of literary men and women. At first, one may have difficulty locating Gissing's voice within the narrative. The perspective leaps from character to character, without establishing any clear candidates for the reader's sympathies. Jasper Milvain is ambivalently portrayed, despite the fact that his moral and literary values were anathematic to Gissing. This is but one example of ambiguity in a novel that is filled with confusion and inversions of the 'natural order'. The world of New Grub Street is one where the unscrupulous Jasper Milvain triumphs, the mediocre Whelpdale stumbles upon commercial success, while others such as Edwin Reardon, Alfred Yule, and Harold Biffen undisputedly become casualties in the battle of life. What is Gissing trying to say about Victorian England? (Or is literary life his sole intended subject?) Throughout this chaos of view-points are interwoven the themes of money, class, and sex. Yet it is precisely the ubiquity of these themes, and the prevalent disorder of the world that makes the novel reflective of late Victorian society. Whether or not Gissing intended his novel to be purely a study in the changing literary life of the late nineteenth century, New Grub Street is effectively a microcosm of English life in the closing years of Victoria's reign.
New Grub Street depicts some of the consequences of the structural and compositional changes that were - and had been - taking place in the social and class structures of Victorian England. The increasing size of the middle class1, the reductions in working hours2, an...
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... Unwin, London, 1968, p. 154.
5 Gross, John, The Rise and Fall of the Man of Letters: English Literary Life Since 1800, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1973, p. 220.
6 Altick, p. 61.
7 Gissing, George, New Grub Street, Wordsworth, Hertfordshire, 1996, ch. XXXIV, p. 393.
8 Gross, p. 220.
9 Gissing, ch., XIV, p. 146.
10 Cited in Gross, pp. 220-1.
11 Ibid., p. 221.
12 Gissing, ch. XIV, p. 146.
13 Gross, p. 149.
14 Gissing, ch. XXXV, p. 402.
15 Ibid., p. 400.
16 Ibid., ch. XXXVII, p. 422.
17 Ibid., Introduction.
18 Ibid., ch. VII, p. 74.
19 Ibid., ch. XXXV, p. 401.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid., ch. XIV, p. 151.
22 Ibid., ch. XXVII, p. 301.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid., ch. XXXV, p. 403.
25 Fowles, John, The French Lieutenant's Woman, Vintage, London, 1996, p. 445.
26 Ibid., p. 283.
27 Altick, p. 17.
Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907–21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000
Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907–21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000
"Morton, Thomas - Introduction." Literary Criticism (1400-1800). Ed. Thomas J. Schoenberg. Vol. 72. Gale Cengage, 2002. eNotes.com. 2006. 21 Feb, 2011
Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907–21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000
London: n.p., 1998. Print. fourth Bloomfield, Morton W. New Literary History. Winter ed. N.p.:
One Victorian sentiment was that a civilized individual could be determined by her/his appearance. This notion was readily adopted by the upper classes and, among other things, helped shape their views of the lower classes, who certainly appeared inferior to them. In regards to social mobility, members of the upper classes may have (through personal tragedy or loss) often moved to a lower-class status, but rarely did one see an individual move up from the abysmal lower class. Although poverty could be found almost anywhere in Victorian London (one could walk along a street of an affluent neighborhood, turn the corner, and find oneself in an area of depravity and decay), most upper-class Londoners, who tended to dwell in the West End, associated the East End with the lower class.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form a therapy that is short term, problem focused, cost effective, and can be provided to a broad range of disorders and is based on evidence based practices, in fact it is has the most substantial evidence based of all psychosocial therapies (Craske, 2017, p.3). Evidence based practice are strategies that have been proven to be effective through research and science. One goal of CBT is to decrease symptoms and improve the quality of life by replacing maladaptive behaviors, emotions and cognitive responses with adaptive responses (Craske, 2017, p.24). The behavioral intervention goal is to decrease maladaptive behavior and increase adaptive behavior. The goal of cognitive intervention is to modify maladaptive cognitions, self-statements or beliefs. CBT grew out of behavioral therapy and the social learning theory (Dobson, 2012, p.9). It wasn’t until the 1950s that CBT started to swarm the psychology field. Due to nonscientific psychoanalytic approaches, there was a need for a better form of intervention which ensued to behavioral therapy (Craske, 2017, p.9). Behavioral therapy included two types of principles classical and instrumental. Classical conditioning is based on response behavior and instrumental conditioning is more voluntary behavior (Craske, 2017, p.10). Although there was improvement in treatment, clinicians were still dissatisfied
The process of mitosis can take place in either a haploid (23 chromosomes) or a diploid (46 chromosomes) cell. Before a cell can be ready for a mitotic division it must primarily undergo its interphase stage. Following the interphase stage several other stages come into play. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During each specific stage certain sequences of events take place that assist to the completion of the division.
Ford, Boris, ed, The Pelican Guide to English Literature volume seven: The Modern Age, third edition, Penguin Books, Great Britain, 1973
Moulton, Charles Wells. Moulton's Library of Literary Criticism of English and American Authors through the Beginning of the Twentieth Century: Volume 1. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1966. Print.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a type of treatment to “help people see the relationship between beliefs, thoughts, and feelings, and subsequent behavior patterns and actions.” This therapy works by finding ways of helping a person understand what their perception is and how this might impact their well-being. Instead, they look at how they feel and act rather than them thinking it is based on what they do. This is done by “adjusting our thoughts, we can directly influence our emotions and behavior” (Good Therapy, 2017). With this in mind, understanding the person’s thought process can determine what can be causing the individual to feel a way. Furthermore, this therapy will “help unclear negative reactions and learn new, positive emotional
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is a form of therapy that puts an emphasis on our thinking rather than external influences. It is not a stand-alone or distinct type of therapy but is a more general term for many different types of therapies with similar qualities and approaches. Among these other approaches are Rational Behavior Therapy, Rational Living Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, and Dialectic Behavior Therapy. The idea behind CBT is that our thoughts, actions, and behaviors are caused by our feelings and not outside influences like events, people, and various situations. If we change our thought we can change our behaviors and deal with these outside influences more effectively. This method makes change easier in that it
National Center on Elder Abuse. US Department of Health and Human Services, n.d. Web. 14
Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1907-21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000 http://www.bartleby.com/215/0816.html
Microbes are microscopic life forms, usually too small to be seen by the naked eye. Although many microbes are single-celled, there are also numerous multi-cellular organisms. The human body has 10-100 trillion microbes living on it, making it one giant super-organism. Since the first link between microbes and diseases was made, people have been advised to wash their hands. Scientists, however, have recently started to investigate more closely how the microbes that call the human body home affect our health. While some microbes cause disease, others are more beneficial, working with our bodies in many subtle ways.