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Contributions of Sir Isaac Newton to science
Contributions of Sir Isaac Newton to science
Contributions of Sir Isaac Newton to science
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The Earth was a planet that was believed to be the center of the Universe until Copernicus proposed that the planets orbited the sun, and Galileo had found data that supported the theory of a heliocentric universe. It wasn’t until Isaac Newton that the planetary motion mystery was solved with mathematical certainty, and it was official that the planets orbited the Sun. Since then, there have been many scientific breakthroughs on where our planets sit in the celestial scheme of things. The most unique characteristic of the Earth would be that it contains life on every part of the planet. A long time ago though there was no life on Earth, approximately 4.6 billion years ago. Emmanuel Kant was the philosopher that created the most widely held theory of the origin of the Earth, and the Solar System. The same theory was later advanced by the French Mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace. Both of them had come up with the theory that the Sun and planets were condensed from a Nebula, which since then has been supported from data that more powerful spectrometers and telescopes have collected. A Nebula is an exploded star that has exhausted its nuclear fuel, and science since then has proven that the material from these exploded stars can turn into planets. Process in which this happens is simple; it starts off …show more content…
One of the first ways is appearance; in our own solar system, we have varying planets such as gas giants like Jupiter or Saturn, and more terrestrial or rock based planets like Earth or Mars. What makes these large differences is the distance from the sun, in which varies with the planets; the planets that are closer to the sun are more condensed and Earth like from the heat, while the planets that are farther from the sun are more gas like and have ice particles forming in them. So one of the main components that causes the difference between the planets in our solar system is heat from the
One of the main types of nebulae is called a reflection nebula. The particles around stars are about the same size as the wavelength of visible light and therefore they are able to reflect the visible light being emitted from the nearby star. However, most of the time these clouds of dust have a bluish color to them and that is due to the fact that the particles are at about the same size as the blue wavelengths and it is harder for them to interact with the longer red or orange wavelengths. The best reflections nebulae come around stars that are cooler than 25000 K. Another main type of nebula is an emission nebula and this type derives its light from the UV radiation being emitted from a nearby star. The light from the starts exites atoms in the dust cloud which in turn emit light. . When describing what happens to light coming from a star there are two things that refer to it. One would be extinction and this happens when the dust cloud around the star is so dense that the light cannot pass through it and it appears as if the light just stops or makes the star appear dimmer than it really is. Another one would be reddening and this happens when the dust particles in the interstellar medium pass the longer red or orange wavelengths. This process gives the clouds a reddish color and overpowers the blues, greens , and violets.
Once upon a time we were told of the earth being the center of the universe. The sun, moon, and all planets even unknown were all revolving around our planet. We now look at that statement and wonder in amazement how our species could have pondered such a thought. Through advanced mathematical and persistently working to prove his theory, Rene Descartes transformed yet another one of these worldly assumptions and proved it all wrong.
In 1543 Nicholas Copernicus, a Polish Canon, published “On the Revolution of the Celestial Orbs”. The popular view is that Copernicus discovered that the earth revolves around the sun. The notion is as old as the ancient Greeks however. This work was entrusted by Copernicus to Osiander, a staunch Protestant who though the book would most likely be condemned and, as a result, the book would be condemned. Osiander therefore wrote a preface to the book, in which heliocentrism was presented only as a theory which would account for the movements of the planets more simply than geocentrism did, one that was not meant to be a definitive description of the heavens--something Copernicus did not intend. The preface was unsigned, and everyone took it to be the author’s. That Copernicus believed the helioocentric theory to be a true description of reality went largely unnoticed. In addition to the preface, this was partly because he still made reassuring use of Ptolemy's cycles and epicycles; he also borrowed from Aristotle the notion that the planets must move in circles because that is the only perfect form of motion.
Nicholas Copernicus was the first to question the universal truths and teachings of the church. He devised a theory that the earth along with the other planets revolved around the sun. This theory disagreed with Aristotle and the old teachings that the universe revolved around the earth, and that man was the center of the universe.
The Orion Nebula is a spectacular sight. Consequently, it has been a preferred target of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) over recent years. The HST has provided a great deal of insight into the complicated process of star formation. In June of 1994, C.
Solar nebula is a rotating flattened disk of gas and dust in which the outer part of the disk became planets while the center bulge part became the sun. Its inner part is hot, which is heated by a young sun and due to the impact of the gas falling on the disk during its collapse. However, the outer part is cold and far below the freezing point of water. In the solar nebula, the process of condensation occurs after enough cooling of solar nebula and results in the formation into a disk. Condensation is a process of cooling the gas and its molecules stick together to form liquid or solid particles. Therefore, condensation is the change from gas to liquid. In this process, the gas must cool below a critical temperature. Accretion is the process in which the tiny condensed particles from the nebula begin to stick together to form bigger pieces. Solar nebular theory explains the formation of the solar system. In the solar nebula, tiny grains stuck together and created bigger grains that grew into clumps, possibly held together by electrical forces similar to those that make lint stick to your clothes. Subsequent collisions, if not too violent, allowed these smaller particles to grow into objects ranging in size from millimeters to kilometers. These larger objects are called planetesimals. As planetesimals moved within the disk and collide with one another, planets formed. Because astronomers have no direct way to observe how the Solar System formed, they rely heavily on computer simulations to study that remote time. Computer simulations try to solve Newton’s laws of motion for the complex mix of dust and gas that we believe made up the solar nebula. Merging of the planetesimals increased their mass and thus their gravitational attraction. That, in turn, helped them grow even more massive by drawing planetesimals into clumps or rings around the sun. The process of planets building undergoes consumption of most of the planetesimals. Some survived planetesimals form small moons, asteroids, and comets. The leftover Rocky planetesimals that remained between Jupiter and Mars were stirred by Jupiter’s gravitational force. Therefore, these Rocky planetesimals are unable to assemble into a planet. These planetesimals are known as asteroids. Formation of solar system is explained by solar nebular theory. A rotating flat disk with center bulge is the solar nebula. The outer part of the disk becomes planets and the center bulge becomes the sun.
time, people all believed that all planets circled by the earth. There is no doubt that it must be an
Located in the sword of Orion, the Orion Nebula, also known as M42 or NGC 1976, lies in one of the most recognisable constellations in the night sky. It is a part of the larger Orion Nebula Cluster which at the age of roughly 3 million years old it lies a mere 1,344 lightyears away with a diameter of 14 lightyears [Scally, Clarke, Mccaughrean, 2005]. A nebula is a cloud of gas and dust [Oxford Dictionary, 2016] where either new stars are born or dead stars remain. The Orion Nebula is both an emission and reflection nebula, known as a diffuse nebula. An emission nebula is one in where there is a cloud of high temperature gas [Arnett, 1997]. A reflection nebula is one where the cloud of gas is illuminated by stars around it. The nebula has a
If the nebula is dense enough, certain regions of it will begin to gravitationally collapse after being disturbed. As it collapses the particles begin to move more rapidly, which on a molecular level is actually heat, and photons are emitted that drive off the remaining dust and gas. Once the cloud has collapsed enough to cause the core temperature to reach ten-million degrees Celsius, nuclear fusion starts in its core and this ball of gas and dust is now a star. It begins its life as a main sequence star and little does it know its entire life has already been predetermined.
There are seven basic characteristics and four basic classes for inter-solar system spacecraft [Ref. 5]. The seven basic characteristics are:
Our solar system, as we see it today, originally formed from the collapse of a very cold and low-density cloud of gas. The mass of this cloud was composed of 98% hydrogen and helium, 1.4% hydrogen compounds, .4% rock, and .2% metal. The nebula was thought to be a few light years across and was roughly spherical in shape. The cloud was in a state of balance, it was neither contracting or expanding, until a cataclysmic event, most likely a supernova, created a shock wave through the nebula, resulting in an area of higher mass. Once this area became more massive than the rest of the nebula it begin to collapse with the area of hig...
The idea behind the Solar Nebular Hypothesis is that the solar system was condensed from an enormous cloud of hydrogen, helium, and a few other elements and rocks. Around five billion years this cloud of materials began to spin and contract together into a disk shape under their own gravitational forces. The particles started combined together, protoplanets, to eventually form planets. A great mass of the material eventually began to form together, protosun, and make up the sun.
The center of the Earth is composed of a solid metallic core surrounded by a molten layer of liquid metal. This paper will discuss the reasons to believe the theory that the Earth has a molten core, and the important discoveries that have led to this generally accepted theory. It is very reasonable to agree with this theory when paying credence to the logical evidence that answers questions about the Earth’s core. This evidence includes information about the elemental make up of the Earth, the reason for the Earth’s magnetic field, and some of the possibilities of the Earth’s formation.
In 1513, Nicholas Copernicus, composed a brief theory that stated that the sun is at rest and the earth is in rotation around the sun. In 1543, just days before his death, Copernicus published this theory in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. This theory was meant to dissolve the long lived belief in Ptolemyís theory which stated, "The earth was at the center because it was the heaviest of objects(Kagan331)." This was a common belief at that time, which supported the religious beliefs that the earth was the center of the universe and God in the heavens were surrounding the earth. Copernicusís theory was shocking, but he published such a controversial theory without sufficient evidence, it had to be considered invalid.
Our solar system has eight planets, their moons and satellites, and they are all orbiting the Sun. The eight planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Pluto used to be the ninth planet but IAU changed the definition of planet and Pluto did not meet the standards so it is now a Dwarf planet.