This paper will critically analyze chapter 6 of the national development plan that focuses on inclusiveness of rural economy in development planning in South Africa. Rural integration is of vital importance in rejuvenating the economies of the rural areas that have been in relative marginalization in development planning since the apartheid era. The government therefore saw the need to stimulate economic growth in rural areas in order to foster employment opportunities and empowerment to local rural communities. Notably, this integration of rural areas into development planning will also have an impact on other rural specific problems such as health provision and access, water and sanitation issues. In addition the NDP also intent to curb the surging problem of rural-urban migration that is devastating to the stock of rural human capital which is vital towards local economic development. Nevertheless, there is need for a critical analysis of the viability and sustainability of job creation in the agro-processing sector proposed by the government given the current forces of globalization and climate change. In an effort to address the issues of climate change affecting agricultural activities, the document proposed the establishment of irrigation schemes in the rural areas which in a way contradicts with the 2030 vision of a ‘healthy’ environment in chapter 5 [you needs state the healthy environment perspective versus the issue on irrigated agriculture]. This paper therefore will consider government policy positions and its feasibility with respect to current problems and debates around economic development and development integration in the rural areas. A key concept highlighted in this chapter is ‘participation’ which requires ... ... middle of paper ... ...rtfall, 2008:451). Community marginalisation is then alluded to political structures such as those that characterised the apartheid era, which were not open enough to allow participation of the rural areas. Form this point of view one is then justified to content that the NDP itself does not do justice in allowing the participation of the rural communities because of its ‘top-down’ approach that undermines the notions of social inclusion. Hence, there is need for the planners and the government to also consider and value the different dimensions that are envelops participation or inclusive as a whole. This also calls for the scrutiny of the NDP document itself in relation to its availability and accessibility, thus one cannot talk on an inclusive development when the people involved are not even aware or cannot access the document that determines their future.
At the same time, the local agricultural economy was experiencing a deep economic depression due to the severe droughs that had occured throughout the past decade. The loss of crops cut out the average farmers'/planters' main food source as well a...
In the books, Sacred Rice by Joanna Davidson and The Anti-Politics Machine by James Ferguson we see how cultural misunderstandings or ignorance by development agencies can lead to their projects at their intended goal. In fact within these two books we see how two resources that many may see as unimportant or trivial led to these failures due to the fact that development organization did not look into such possibilities. With this in mind I am going to compare and contrast the idea’s, history, and developmental attempts that have occurred in Lesotho and rural West Africa in order to see how understanding a culture is needed in order to aid it in development. To start off we should examine how Ferguson and Davidson did their ethnographical
Canada has made great progress in addressing the issue of homelessness in the country, however there hasn’t been much thought into long term solutions to the problem and prevention. On any given night there are anywhere around 30,000 Canadians are homeless and 50,000 considered to be part of the “hidden” homeless population, who instead of sleeping outside stay with friends or relatives temporarily (CBC news, 2013). Researchers have found that certain factors may put someone at a higher risk of becoming homeless, however because every person’s story is different it is harder to categorize these risks (Echenberg, 2012). Homeless is defined, according to the Canadian Homelessness Research Network, as
Chambers, Robert. Rural Development: Putting the Last First. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993.
The agriculture market has taken a complete turnaround from its origin, because of technological advances leading to a higher rate of production. Agriculture started out as a simple family owned farm where the goods produced were the bare necessities for the family to survive. Overtime crop production focused on cash crops and crop production became easier leading more famers into cities to get jobs in the factories. Agriculture production soared over this time and lead famers to look for a profit not simply sustainability. As production increased rules became more overlooked, therefore government programs were set up to protect the consumer. The Government program set up play favorites to big corporations and punishes smaller business and family
This is necessary as the vast majority of individuals migrating from rural to urban centers has been steadily increasing with the level of economic growth seen within the past twenty years as mentioned earlier. Unfortunately, this situation has further shown the structural issues and inequalities of cities, as most migrants end up having a poor quality of life living in informal settlements as highlight substantially by Boo. As a means of tackling this, however, the Indian government has turned its focus on investing rural regions, developing the agricultural sector. Specifically, Boo mentions that “the prime minister, Manmohan Singh, had come down from Delhi to express his concern for the farmers’ hardships, and the central government’s determination to relieve it” (p. 138). While this is definitely important funds are not being divided justly. For starters, between rural and urban areas almost all investments are being targeting towards rural regions, which is only addressing issues of inequality in one section of the country. Furthermore, across rural areas inequalities of investment are quite often overlooked. Although, “one of the governments hopes was to stop villagers from abandoning their farms and further inundating cities like Mumbai, but Asha’s relatives knew nothing of these celebrated relief programs” (p. 138). Therefore, even though
Overall Central Africa’s dependence on agriculture could improve the wellbeing of the people but a long history of corruption, violence, and prevalent transportation issues have hindered an improvement in the economy resulting in poverty among the region. Poverty will not subside unless these issues are dealt with and improved.
In order to do so assure the true democratisation of the local level in decentralisation processes“…effective channels of political participation and representation must be developed that reinforce and support decentralized planning and administration, and that allow citizens, and especially the poor, to express their needs and demands and to press claims for national and local development resources.” (Beck, T. 1989 in Moser, C. 1995, p.166)
...ing a more sustainable environment. A call upon local and national government to provide adequate policy relating to urban agriculture has been made. According to Rogerson, (in Liebenberg 2005:40-43) in many parts of Africa, urban agriculture is still frowned upon by authorities but in the face of Africa’s growing poverty problem it is being reconsidered (collective solution).
...population distribution designed to reduce the rate of rural-urban migration appears to have had limited success in many developing countries. Policies must be directed at altering the rural economy in order to slow the rate of urban sprawl. Broad land use planning and changing of planning standards and governmental procedures would go a long way to reduce many of the problems that face urban populations in the developing areas, especially Africa. Urbanization can cause a lot of problems for a city or even a country. It can cause cities to become overpopulated which are known as mega-cites, and cause problems with living arrangements and finding a job. Urbanization can also cause health problems. Urbanization is supposed to be good for developing countries on the rise but with this rapid growth in Africa, these problems can become a major concern in the future.
The backbone of a stable nation, socially and politically, is agriculture. Agriculture is the largest sector that provides a nation with food and employment. Agriculture is currently being affected by climate change and at the same time it is also a contributor to climate change. The drastic elevations in climate change started from the mid to late 20th century and they have been increasing since then (Boisvenue & Running 2006). Climate change is affecting agriculture by interfering with the efficiency of crop production. Agriculture is facing droughts, flooding, sea level elevations, natural disasters, and health hazards for employees. All of these exponents lead to crop failure that creates famines and food prices to rise. On the other side, agriculture is also contributing to climate change through their output of greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprints. These are caused by the activities that agriculture engages with such as breeding of livestock, ploughing of fields, deforestation, and the use of pesticides and other agrochemicals. Climate change affects countries differently, mainly due to their ability to adapt and their geographical location. Canada and Russia benefit from the changes in climate while Sudan and Bangladesh are affected negatively, struggling to adapt. Agriculture and climate change are interrelated processes that exist mutually making it harder to reduce one without affecting the other.
As agriculture has become more intensive, farmers have become capable of producing higher yields using less labour and less land. Growth of the agriculture has not, however, been an unmixed blessing. It, like every other thing, has its pros and cons. Topsoil depletion, groundwater contamination, the decline of family farms, continued neglect of the living and working conditions for farm labourers, increasing costs of production, and the disintegration of economic and social conditions in rural communities. These are the cons of the new improved agriculture.
Economic development is highly dependent on the natural resources for food and energy production, which inputs to manufacturing, and to absorbing wastes and pollutants. Thus, there is a high dependency on farming. However, South Africa is not rich in agriculture resources; ...
...suasive. At the end of the book the thesis is unanswered and he favours to discuss the spread of bureaucratic power into the Thaba-Tseka region and development is merely a “tool” for bureaucrats instead. Ferguson’s anti-politics machine is only but one of the workings of ‘development’ leaving his thesis largely unanswered. Personally we don’t find the book useful despite its excellent detail and capture of concept. Instead we find it considerably outdated as a lot has changed since the early 1980s. Both Lesotho and the approach of development programmes have changed since and are completely different. Nonetheless we do see the book’s value as fundamental read and it was revolutionary at its time and how it possibly impacted the field of development to what we see today.
It is therefore an indispensable component of democracy (Tshabalala & Lombard, 2009:397). Local government should therefore be concerned with democratising development (Maserumule, 2008:439). The reason for the continuing dissatisfaction and protests by the communities because of poor service delivery eighteen years into democracy is an indication that the local government in South Africa has not been able to provide effectively for local participation (Mathekga & Buccus, 2006:11). In the South African context, community needs cannot be isolated from structural causes, so participation is incorporated into the social justice perspective (Patel,