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Human norms
Influence of society on gender roles
Influence of society on gender roles
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Natalie Angier, a well-known author of multiple books and journalist for The New York Times, began her post-secondary education at the University of Michigan and finished at Barnard College, graduating with a high honor. Later on in her life, she published a controversial article in The New York Times over evolutionary psychology. According to Angier, evolutionary psychology refers to “the fundamental modules of human nature, most notably the essential nature of man and of woman” (Angier 161). Within the article, Men, Women, Sex, and Darwin, Angier attempts to argue against theories of evolutionary psychology by diving into the differences between men and women through cardinal premises. Angier provides a strong argument against theories of …show more content…
In the beginning, the author explores the theory of women wanting “a man who seems rich, stable, and ambitious.” (Angier 162). In other words, women tend to desire men willing to contribute to their offspring and family as a whole. She further explains that evolutionary psychologists reveal that even financially-independent women desire a dominant male as a spouse. Angier, a financially-independent woman herself, seems to disagree with this theory, however, fails to provide an explanation for her reasoning or any examples to prove this. Although I partially agree with Angier because all women are different and have unique preferences, I also could concur with various women desiring a provider. From the Christian stand point, though, it various as well. There are some Christians that believe that it does not matter whether the male or female provides for the family and others that believe the men should. Owen Strachan, a Christian Theology professor, communicated within the article, “What Does the Bible Say About the Man Being the Breadwinner?” that “men are called by God to take responsibility for provision of their families” (qtd. in. O’neil). He further argues that men are created to be the “primary leader”, whether that means the provider, protector, or ultimate decision-maker and refers to …show more content…
As for the sex drive differences between the two genders, Angier explains that “men have the naturally higher sex drive, yet all the laws, customs, punishments, shame, strictures, mystiques and antimystiques are aimed with full hominid fury at that tepid, sleepy, hypoactive creature, the female libido” (Angier 166). It appears that Angier does not agree that only the women are punished for these actions. This is understandable because although women took part in the behavior, men are thought to be the ones with the higher sexual desire. Also, from a Christian perspective, it is significant to note that a sin is a sin. Both the man and woman gave in to the behavior, therefore, they both sinned equally. If the Bible says that all sins are equal, then why are women only being punished for this type of sin by losing their reputation and being treated as a lesser
Instead these life decisions are primarily influenced by an individual’s personal limits, beliefs, and morals. Though sexism and pay discrimination still exist there are so many regulations and penalties in place that such behavior has become very uncommon. Dorment creates a new scene where he asks women to not only take on the same sacrifices men past and present have all while realizing that men are doing the best that they can. I believe that this scenario created is key to realizing that women can only take on leadership roles or progress in their careers if they are willing to make sacrifices. They can’t expect special treatment or think that being successful doesn’t come with downsides when the thing they are fighting for is equality. According to the Pew Research Center 60 percent of two parent homes with children younger than eighteen consist of dual-earning couples. This study explicitly shows how men are no longer the sole provider, but instead that women are taking on careers while giving up the stay at home role. In addition, despite men typically spending a little less time at home than women it is become increasingly normal for the home work load to be more evenly divided in dual-earning households. As Richard Dorment mentions, this raises the question “Why does the achievement gap still exist?” Men and Women are increasingly splitting the home work load between each other yet men still appear to be achieving more in the workplace than women. Though the opportunities available to each are the same it is the personal motivation and limits that are resulting in the gap. Women value family time over work time greatly while men are much more willing to sacrifice personal time for work because they feel it is for the good of their family. The difference in personal importance is one factor that contributes to the gap and
There are many different facets to the nature versus nurture argument that has been going on for decades. One of these, the influence of nature and nurture on gender roles and behaviors, is argued well by both Deborah Blum and Aaron Devor, both of whom believe that society plays a large role in determining gender. I, however, have a tendency to agree with Blum that biology and society both share responsibility for these behaviors. The real question is not whether gender expression is a result of nature or nurture, but how much of a role each of these plays.
These days, marriage contracts fortunately treat both men and women the same, and look at it as more of a partnership rather than a legal contract with economical advantages. (Bernstein, 2011) Today, women have more goals than getting married and having children, most want to go to college and having a successful career. It is normal for a woman to be completely successful all on her own without a husband. These days, a woman can be the bread winner of her family while her husband is a stay at home father. There are also several single working mothers and single working
Dating back to the early 20th century, women’s roles in the United States were very limited. In regards to family life, women were expected to cook, clean, and take care of their homes. Men, on the other hand, were in charge of working and providing for the family. Together, these designated roles helped men and women build off of each other to ultimately keep their families in check. As the years progressed, society began to make a greater push to increase women’s rights. As women started receiving greater equality and freedom, their roles began to shift. More women had to opportunity to leave the house and join the workforce. The norm for a married couple slowly began to change as men were no longer expected to individually provide for their
Numerous women in history, have negative stigmas attached to them simply for, well, being women and just like a phrase in the Bible says; “Sin began with a woman and thanks to her we all must die”. However, the Bible states that all men are created equal, that “There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus”, however, as you read through the passages and see the roles each human plays in them, which greatly differs depending gender, one can easily come to the realization that this is not entirely true. Jacobs writes that “Married women are not allowed to sleep around… Married men on the other hand… well they have more leeway…” (page 135) noting that there is in fact inequality and he tries to show this as much as he can throughout the book. As one reads through the Bible, and tries to grasp and follow every rule given, one learns not to be and feel equal but to behave and act “correctly” and accordingly to gender roles, roles that gives too much liberty to men and very little to women when clearly the Bible says we are ...
In “The Gender Blur: Where Does Biology End and Society Take Over?” Deborah Blum states that “gender roles of our culture reflect an underlying biology” (Blum 679). Maasik and Solomon argue that gender codes and behavior “are not the result of some sort of natural or biological destiny, but are instead politically motivated cultural constructions,” (620) raising the question whether gender behavior begins in culture or genetics. Although one may argue that gender roles begin in either nature or nurture, many believe that both culture and biology have an influence on the behavior.
Throughout the book, many of the wives note how they wish that they were able to pursue their goals and dreams, but were unable to due to the fact that they had responsibilities as a wife. I think that by putting themselves in a position where they could be viewed as undeserving upper class members who did not work, it not created a dependency to their husbands financially, it portrayed them as women incapable of supporting themselves or their desires in life. “Upper-class women, like other women, experience dissatisfaction with their role as wives–with its expected mode of accommodation, unequal voice in family decisions, and sole responsibility for home and family”
Warren Farrell is a well educated man who focuses his attention on gender. In his essay “Men as Success Objects,” he writes about gender roles in male-female relationships. He begins, “for thousands of years, marriages were about economic security and survival” (Farrell 185). The key word in that statement is were. This implies the fact that marriage has changed in the last century. He relates the fact that post 1950s, marriage was more about what the male and female were getting out of the relationship rather than just the security of being married. Divorce rates grew and added to the tension of which gender held the supremacy and which role the individuals were supposed to accept. “Inequality in the workplace” covered up all of the conflicts involved with the “inequality in the homeplace”(Farrell). Farrell brings to attention all ...
In history, the role and status of women have fluctuated incredibly. At first, matriarchy was dominant in Greece and other realms. Women who are like mother earth and nature were the idols of fertility. They symbolized both beautiful and fertile side of nature. But after monotheist patriarchal religions began to dominate, the women lost their high times and treated as second creatures of nature on which Engels commented that it was the historical defeat of women-kind. This mistreatment was so violent that women are equally treated with satan in religious stories. Afterall, the word `Eve' comes from `Heva' in Hebrew. After Eve's seduction, all sins belonged to her and her kind . Because they were the redlection of men's lusts and vices on the mirror. Whenever men looked at them, they saw their feeble and lustful sides. Thus to be purified of these, in history, they ceaselessly made women their own scapegoats. A women can give birth to a male but the male cannot give any right to her in exchange of his life. Actually the women kind is so sensitive and vulnerable that they do not even attemt to extort what should be given. Still men are indebted something to all women. That is `respect' for all over the world. Ýf ever this is to be attained, the women will serve a better world to all men kind.
This idea creates an opinion that men are more superior to women. “..But would instead be servants throughout eternity.” (Rebecca Kimbel pg. 1) For example, male children will grow up having the mindset of men being worth more than women are, and the female children will grow up with the mindset of them being less than men are. “My HUSBAND…never allowed me to forget his superiority. Psychological and emotional abuse fueled his need for power.” (Rebecca Kimbel, pg 1) Although in some cases, being raised and part of a polygamist sect can support women financially, it is still not healthy for them to have the perspective of them being more powerless than men are. “I lay there so disappointed because I wanted to be more than someone’s key to get somewhere.” (Cynthia Savage, pg
Ortner, S. (1996) Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture? Retrieved from http://moodle.csun.edu
Evolutionary Psychology has been controversial since its rise in the 1990s, with critics and proponents debating its merits as a science. While critics (e.g. David Buller, Elizabeth Lloyd) have extensively criticized the fundamentals of Evolutionary Psychology, few philosophers or scientists have challenged them. Given the growing influence of the evolutionary behavioral sciences within mainstream science like Psychology and Anthropology, it is important analyze the critiques and see if the arguments against Evolutionary Psychology have merit. This paper will focus on two of the most often cited critiques of Evolutionary Psychology: the critique of the concept of the modular model of the mind and the critique of the two “signature achievements” in Evolutionary Psychology, Martin Daly and Margot Wilson’s Cinderella Effect and David Buss’s studies of male-female differences in jealousy. I will describe and respond these critiques of Evolutionary Psychology, making the case that these critiques are not valid and have little merit on scientific basis of Evolutionary Psychology.
Among the many social changes that have occurred in the U.S. there have been many changes for Women. Women in today’s society are more independent and have more authority than previously. Men and women have become much more equal and these changes in society had a lot to do with the World Wars. As soldiers went off to war, women took over the jobs that they left behind. Women could now support themselves independently. As divorce became more acceptable and more common there were more female led households. This has changed the gender roles for women in the U.S., now not only are women domestic but they can be the breadwinners of their households. It is clearly evident that the change in the gender roles for women has influenced a change in families and marriage through the way women have more independence from their counter parts and how they have more authority within the family.
McElvaine, Robert S., (2000). Eve's Seed : Biology, the Sexes, and the Course of Human History. McGraw-Hill Trade
There is no doubt that men and women are influenced by biological factors. The question is are gender roles based on nature, nurture or both? When discussing human sexuality, drives and desires hormones play a substantial role in our behaviors. The physiological differences externally in males and females are obvious. For example, when aroused, males become erect, whereas females become lubricated instead of a clitoral erection. In the article, “Biological Aspects of Sexual Orientation and Identity” Milton Diamond Ph.D. claims “These differences obviously pertain to copulation, but many other mechanisms exist that are less related to coitus but very much related to sexual expression and childbearing. Muscle mass, body and skeletal articulation, enzyme and endocrine production, and other physiological features and reflexes are additional distinctions. The endocrine system of males is relatively tonic in operation, while the female system is basically cyclic during the reproductive years.” Some of these biological factors are thought to shape gender differences due to hormones and brain function. According to “Biological Theories of Gender” Saul McLeod claims that, “The biological approach suggests that there is no distinction between sex and gender, thus biological sex creates gendered behavior.” This theory