In chapter thirteen, Walker and Shipman dug into if Homo erectus, specifically "Nariokotome Boy," could verbally communicate amongst each other. They studied the size of the vertebral canal. The canal was to narrow, meaning the boy received less information from his senses. While Walker was trying to figure out what the small canal meant for the boy he attended a lecture. The lecture used PET scans to look at the differences when a person reads, hears, or speaks a word. The demonstrated activity helped him understand that language didn't trigger " asymmetric brain activity" when turning thoughts into words. By looking at deaf babies, it confirmed that language is not the same thing as speech. Babies, as well as trained apes, can use "proto-language,"
·Historical Information About The Period Of Publication: In 1992, the most prominent occasion that may have impacted the plot of this book is serial executioner Jeffrey Dahmer's conceding however crazy for the homicide of fifteen young men and young fellows. This attracts a parallel to the vanishings and murders that happen in Lost Boys.
9. Research on the language capabilities of apes clearly demonstrates that they have the capacity to:
Labor trafficking is another form of human trafficking. Labor trafficking happens when employers take advantages of the social problems, economic problems, and health problems of their employees. The story of “The ‘Boys’ in the Bunkhouse” is just one of the many stories about labor trafficking. For more than 30 years, a group of men with intellectual disabilities were working under deplorable conditions. Not to mention that these men receiving a minimum pay of $65 each month for 30 years. I feel angry to see how unethical owners of business take advantage of vulnerable workers, but what makes me feel really annoyed is the fact that they use people with disabilities. People with disabilities have less opportunity to defend themselves. I honestly
The last chapter of John Okada’s No-No Boy is an evaluation of Ichiro’s choice that shapes the story. Before the beginning of the novel, Ichiro chooses not to fight the Japanese as an American soldier, and, as a result, he spends two years in jail. Ichiro’s friend, Freddie, was also a “no-no boy” who refused to fight as an American soldier. Freddie also does his jail time. However, at the end of the novel, Freddie makes the decision to go to war in a different context, and he dies (with a strong comparison to Ichiro’s good friend Kenji, who also dies as a result of going to war). As Freddie and Ichiro had made the same choices up until the final scenes of the book, Freddie serves to represent the contrast between Ichiro’s choice (to abstain from fighting) and the decision he could have made (to go to war). Ultimately, Ichiro defends his people and is on his way to becoming fulfilled. The novel ends on an optimistic note as Ichiro feels validated by all of the difficult decisions he had made.
The debate about whether or not apes can learn human language has been going on for many years. There is an overwhelming amount of research on the subject to support both sides. It should be understood however, that learning and understanding human language is not the same as speaking the language. Apes are unable to physically speak human language for several reasons. As noted on the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics website, “Unlike humans, apes lack the anatomical pre-requisites for verbal language production. The organs within the vocal tract, such as larynx muscles and vocal cords, cannot be moved as freely and coordinated as in humans, especially not at a comparable speed” (Bangle, “Questions and Answers”). With that said, I believe the research I found strongly supports that apes do have the capacity for learning and understanding human language. There have been numerous studies conducted in which apes have been taught to communicate using sign language. In the 1960’s a female chimpanzee named Washoe was taught the American Sign Language. Washoe was raised by researchers Allen and Beatrix Gardner and is believed to be the first chimpanzee to learn aspects of human language. The Gardners established Project Washoe to teach the chimpanzee American Sign Language. The National Geographic News reported that “For Washoe to be considered "reliable"
Soderstrom, M. (2007). Beyond baby talk: Re-evaluating the nature and content of speech input to preverbal infants. Developmental Review, 27(4), 501-532.
Connor’s language development was very similar to his peers being they spoke in clear, short sentences, usually as statements, like “I want more cheese” or “yes, please”. Vygotsky says that around the age of three or four, children use the language they established to categorize their thoughts in social situations (Steinberg et al., 2011, p. 209). According to Vygotsky, Connor language skills are normative for his age and gender, when he said “read me a story” he had to organize his thoughts and decipher what he wanted then articulate them to the adult. As far as nonverbal communication, he made eye contact with the teacher when he asked her to read him a story and he sat upright in his chair showing that he was interested and attentive.
Hickson, M. I. and Stacks, D. W. (1989). Nonverbal Communication: Studies and Applications. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown, 1989.
On the nature side of the debate, every baby cried when they were trying to communicate to their caregiver. Crying is universal because it is the only way that babies can alert their caregiver that something is wrong. Furthermore, each baby cooed, babbled, and cried without prompting. Ponijao babbles when her mother pats her on the back because she likes the sound it makes. Bayar’s brother keeps putting a strip of fabric in his face, making him cry out of annoyance. Mari babbles and has a “conversation” with another baby on one of her visits to the park. Hattie also starts saying syllables on her own. However, nurture plays a huge role in language development as well. Each baby was read to, spoken to, sung to, or a mixture of the former. Without prompting from his mother, Bayar would not be able to copy the sounds that she makes to try to get him to speak. Hattie can say “no” and “uh oh”, which are English phrases. Her parents would have taught her how to say those words. In fact, her mother reads to her, and she imitates the sounds her mother makes while reading. This proves that without both heredity and environment, language would never develop in an infant. They need to have an inborn ability to quickly and easily learn vocabulary and grammar during the critical periods, but they also need to hear and interact with language in their
The article “Nature and Nurture in Language Acquisition: Anatomical and Functional Brain-Imaging Studies in Infants” by Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz, Lucie Hertz-Pannier, and Jessica Dubois focuses on the study of the left hemisphere of the brain, which is where language is processed. Neuroimaging of infants’ brains show how words that are heard are sorted through in certain regions and how infants uncover characteristics of their native language. Dehaene-Lambertz also points out that it is advantageous for fetus to be exposed to speech while still in the womb. An important point is made when Dehaene-Lambertz and her colleagues establish that “human brains before intense exposure to speech have things in common with the brains of mature and linguistically competent human adults” (367). It is noted that certain parts in the cranial cavity of the brain, such as the auditory cortex, are bigger on the left side than on the right side, giving the cerebrum a slightly asymmetric structure in both the children and adults. Also, this finding is confirmed by Chomsky when he states that “such an organical structure as of the brain” (176) is capable of processing and generating human language. Since an infant’s brain is extremely similar to the adults’ cerebrum that have already mastered language communication, this proves that the infant’s brain is capable of the
Nonverbal communication has been in people’s lives for as long as we could communicate as a species. Dr. Albert Mehrabian, author of Silent Messages, found that “7% of any message is conveyed through words, 38% through certain vocal elements, and 55% through nonverbal
Roald Dahl was a writer of some of the best novels known. Not only was he a writer but he had many other careers such as being a poet, a fighter pilot, and more. Dahl has experienced a lot throughout his life, from school to being in the war. He mainly wrote stories that were intended for children and he was referred to “one of the greatest story tellers for children of the 20th century.” Many of his stories were about real life happenings but he exaggerated them to a great extent in order to make serious situations humorous. This exaggeration added a lot of humour to his stories and this was the main reason why he was such a popular story teller.
Imitation is involved to some extent, of course, but the early words and sentences that children produce show that they are not simply imitating adult speech. Since there is an infinite number of potential sentences implied, children’s complex and creative utterances cannot be explained by a passive response to the language of the environment. In addition, imitation cannot account for common child language mistakes, which are highly unlikely to be failed imitations of what adults would say (Cattell, 2000).
· Children respond physically to spoken language, and adult learners learn better if they do that too.
In the first years of life children transcend from infancy, in which they cannot speak nor comprehend language, to age four in which they begin to be able to express themselves in their own language (Hoff, 2006). Overall, the language acquisition process has the same endpoint for all capable children. The only difference in the language acquisition process between children is the different languages they learn, which is completely dependent upon the language the child hears. If the child were to only hear Klingon, the child would in theory learn Klingon, but the child would later reject this language because of the lack of acceptance of the fictional language in society (Clark, 1987). The first process of acquiring language is known as phonological development. In natural lan...