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Methodology of stress management
A good paragraph on multitasking
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Multitasking is to be deliberated as having many effects on a person when distractions, or delays become more frequent and self-control can help or make it worse on accomplishing tasks. Having sounds or certain resources may steer one away or towards their tasks, could also be an effect. When one is trying to multitask, they need to be aware of auditory patterns, self-control, and any delays that may arise when completing multiple tasks at once. T. Miller, S. Chen. WW. Lee and E. Sussman, problem solving found that the best way to accomplish tasks is one at a time, when auditory distractions that share memory resources, one tends to make more mistakes when trying to multitasking. The authors problem solving discovered that the mind doesn’t totally submit unaccompanied content to uniform background sound (Fishman, Micheyl, & Steinschneider, 2012; Jones, Alford, Bridges, Tremblay, & Macken, 1999; Sussman, 2005; Sussman, Ritter, & Vaughan, 1998, 1999, p 1141). Salvucci and Taatgen (2011), following Altmann and Trafton (2007) and Borst, Taatgen, and Van Rijn (2010) p 734,”explain why switching during working-memory load decreases performance: When people return to the primary task after a switch, they have to restore their working memory. Therefore, when participants choose to switch tasks when their working memory contains information important for the task (as they did in the delay condition) they need more time to restore that, compared to switching when their working memory contains nothing vital (as they did in the no delay condition).” People tend to wait when changing to other duties until they achieve a sub task (Sellen, Kurtenbach, and Buxton, 1990, p 729). However, the effects of choosing when to switch tasks and the delays that can possibly occur. I really liked the recommendation the article made, “is to avoid delays during high-workload moments in task execution” p
Although some people may think multi-tasking is a benefit because they can get more done, they don’t realize that the more they try to balance at once the less attention they are giving to the tasks at hand. In James Gleick’s article “Attention! Multitaskers,” he talks about how a young co-worker is having a conversation with the companies
Tugend goes over the impact of interruptions on work. She states that it takes a long time to get refocused after an interruption. Tugend notes that work gets done quicker when a person endures interruptions, but the work quality suffers greatly because of the increase in stress. She states that while other people are interruptions, the biggest interruption is ourselves (Tugend 717). Along with that, human attention spans are decreasing making interruption much more likely to happen. The time people spend on an activity before switching is not enough to really get into it (Tugend 717).
When we are doing a certain task we may get a text or we have to check our social media because of our addiction to it. These things cause us to drift off from what we actually are focused on. Sometimes we may be doing something, like reading, and our mind will subconsciously drift off onto another topic, like what our plans are for tomorrow. Some people do believe though that if the two tasks you are doing use different sections of the brain that it is all right to multitask. The example Restak gave of this was “an example of the principle of cerebral geography: The brain works at it’s best with the activation of different, rather than identical, brain areas. That’s why doodling while talking on the telephone isn’t a problem for most people, since speaking and drawing use different brain areas. But writing a thank you note while on the phone results in mental strain because speaking and writing share some of the same brain circuitry” (Restak 422). While this may be true, we still are not dedicating all of our time to just one specific task we are working
Although correlation does not equal causation, we can conclude that similar cognitive processes, such as interference and automaticity, have influenced the results in our experiment. This can be expressed by the data and in identifying and saying aloud/reading a simple number compared to quantifying simple numbers. The cognitive load of reading familiar or smaller words is lower than that of counting, thus creating perchance a longer reaction time. In the experiment conducted in class as well as the one conducted by Stroop, the issue of divided attention may have been a great factor in interference or prolonged reaction time in the conditions. Psychological refractory period which states that the response to a second stimulus is slowed down by the first stimulus being processed; this can be a cause for the finding of increased reaction time when conflicting information is given. Attention may unconsciously be given to the less complex task, which is reading/identifying, and counting the main and more complex task may be interfered by the simpler stimulus. The expectation of having a longer reaction time when conducting the incongruent task was referenced back to the Stroop effect due to the similar implications of identifying and saying aloud the color presented in the print of the color descriptive word (Stroop,
The inter-temporal relationship between every task was specified in advance so the impact of delay of a task on other tasks could be calculated.
Performing well in at certain tasks and retaining information both require a high level of attention. Multitasking requires that this attention be divided amongst different tasks. As a result, the some of the attention used for a certain task must now be used for other tasks, which affects the factors needed to complete it. Referring to an experiment that was discussed earlier, Wieth and Burns (2014) stated that even with the reward, the promise of incentive could not override the limits of people’s attention. Retaining information requires undivided attention. The key word is ‘undivided.’ According to this experiment, it is nearly impossible to have the same high level of focus while working on multiple tasks that a person would while working on one task. Once someone has reached the end of their attention span, their performance begins to falter. In a final experiment involving media multitasking and attention, Ralph, Thomson, Cheyne, and Smilek (2014) stated that multitasking can lead to mind wandering and lapses in attention, which distracts people from their tasks. These results show that once their attention is divided, it can lead to distractions and difficulty completing different tasks. It is difficult to complete one assignment while focusing on several others at the same time. Multitasking affects the attention needed for a task, which can affect everything
In conclusion, Baddeley and Hitch (1974) developed the working memory in response to the multi store model and introduced four mechanisms involved; the phonological loop, visual-spaital sketchpad, episodic buffer and the central executive. The four components are also largely supported by a good wealth of evidence (in Smith, 2007).
Jahshan, C., Wynn, J. K., & Green, M. F. (2013). Relationship between auditory processing and
Massaro, D. W. & Warner, D. S. (1977). Dividing attention between auditory and visual perception. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 21(6): 569-574.
Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., & Ky, K. N (1993). Music and spatial task performance. Nature, 365(6447), 611. doi:10.1038/365611a0
Moreover, “The human brain works more efficiently on a single task and for sustained rather than intermitted or alternating periods of time” (Multitasking 758). So, this does not mean that the human brain can’t handle multitasking; it could, but is not as accurate or efficient as if it was performing one task and concentrating only on that task; consequently, students’ brains would work more efficiently and accurately if students were only focusing on one task.... ... middle of paper ... ...
The phenomenon of ‘Divided attention’ is the idea that an individual has the ability to divide their attention between two or more tasks (multi- tasking). Focused attention models such as Broadbent’s theory, Treisman’s theory and Deutsch and Deutsch model explains how all our inputs are focused on one task at a time, however it is clear from looking at everyday life that we are able to divide our attention, successfully being able to complete more than one task at the same time.
The essay begins by exploring the area of multitasking behaviours, and cognitive theories surrounding the area of divided attention and its effects on daily life. From here, the phenomenon of binge drinking among college students is discussed, in particular the effect it has upon remembering in an everyday context. Finally, the tendency of college students to spend large amounts of time listening to music is evaluated, with a particular focus on why it is that music can make individuals feel a particular way, tapping into the area of cognition and emotion. This essay will discuss in detail the contribution of cognitive psychology to our understanding of these behaviours.
The presence of accumulated stress and heavy work load on the brain automatically bring about the student or the employee inability to multitask; knowing fully well that multitasking is one essential key to excellence.
Alzahabi, Reem, and Mark W. Becker. "The Association Between Media Multitasking, Task-Switching, And Dual-Task Performance." Journal Of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception & Performance 39.5 (2013): 1485-1495. Academic Search Complete. Web. 18 Feb. 2014.