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Tambora volcano eruption secondary effects
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Mount Tambora is a large stratovolcano located on the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia. It lies approximately 210 miles north of the Java Trench and is flanked to the north and south by oceanic crust. Its current summit elevation is around 9,350 feet (Smithsonian Institute). To the south-east of the volcano lies the Sanggar peninsula, which is a part of Tambora. There are two cities, Dompu and Clima, and three concentrations of villages near the mountain slope: Sanggar, Doro Peti and Pesanggrahan, and Calabai.
Figure 1. Map of Mount Tambora and Sumbawa
Mount Tambora is best known for the eruption that occurred in April 1815. The eruption was so large it ranked 7 out of 8 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index scale. The number of deaths due to the eruption alone was estimated at 11,000 with an additional 49,000 by post-eruption famine and epidemic diseases (Tanguy, Ribiere, Scarth, & Tjetjep, 1998). A more recent estimation placed the total number of deaths at 71,000 (Oppenheimer, 2003).
So what events led up to this violent eruption? A scientist used qualitative and quantitative data to reconstruct a timeline. Three years prior to the April 1815 years the volcano began to rumble and generate a dark cloud around the summit. Then in the early evening of April 5th 1815 there was a moderate-sized eruption. The detonations sounded like the discharge of cannons and could be heard as far away as Ternate, 1400km away (Stothers, 1984). A man by the name of Sir Stamford Raffles heard these sounds wrote:
“The first explosions were heard on this Island in the evening of 5 April, they were noticed in every quarter, and continued at intervals until the following day. The noise was, in the first instance, almost universally attribut...
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Stothers, R. (1984, June 15). The great Tambora eruption in 1815 and its aftermath. Retrieved May 3, 2011, from Academic OneFile: http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.lib.apsu.edu/gtx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=AONE&docId=A3309276&source=gale&srcprod=AONE&userGroupName=tel_a_apsu&version=1.0
Tanguy, J.-C., Ribiere, C., Scarth, A., & Tjetjep, W. (1998). Victims from volcanic eruptions: a revised database. Bulletin of Volcanology , 137-144.
University of Notre Dame. (2006). tambora expolosion.jpg. Retrieved May 3, 2011, from University of Notre Dame: http://ocw.nd.edu/physics/nuclear-warfare/images-1/tambora-explosion.jpg/view
Wickens, S. (2004, May 14). 1816- The year with a summer. Retrieved May 3, 2011, from Scribd: http://www.scribd.com/doc/323747/1816-Eruption-of-Mt-Tambora-The-year-without-summer
Mount Vesuvius is one of history’s most recognizable Volcanoes, as each of its eruptions have gone down as a significant event in geologic history. The events that transpired during and after these eruptions have shaped the way scientists and people view the sheer power that these volcanoes possessed. This report will take a look at Vesuvius’ most prolific eruption in 79 AD. The geologic setting of the mountain, precursor activity, and the impact the eruption had on the surrounding populations and towns will all be detailed. Along with these details, this report will also look at the further history of Vesuvius’s explosive past by detailing its eruption cycle. Finally, the current state of Vesuvius and the possible danger the current population living near the mountain could face should it erupt explosively again.
MILLER, C. D. POTENTIAL HAZARDS FROM FUTURE ERUPTIONS IN THE VICINITY OF MOUNT SHASTAVOLCANO, NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. N.p.: US Government Printing Office, 1980. Print.
Wood and Kienle, 1990, Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada: Cambridge University Press, 354 p., p. 158-160, Contribution by Patrick Pringle.
On May 18th, 1980, one of the most prominent volcanic eruptions in US History took place in the state of Washington. Mount St. Helens had been dormant for almost 100 years before March 15th. On this day, two months before the eruption several small earthquakes shook the earth. This indicated a magma buildup below the surface, and the first minor event that would lead to one of the greatest eruptions the US has ever known. Following the first set of earthquakes, “Steam explosions blasted a 60- to 75-m (200- to 250-ft) wide crater through the volcano 's summit ice cap and covered the snow-clad southeast sector with dark ash. Within a week the crater had grown to about 400 m (1,300 ft) in diameter and two giant crack systems crossed the entire summit area. Eruptions occurred on average from
On May 22, 1915, an explosive eruption at Lassen Peak devastated nearby areas and rained volcanic ash farther 200 miles to the east! This explosion was the most powerful in a series of eruptions from 1914 through 1917. ...
In March 18, 1880 Mount St. Helens there was a catastrophic eruption that caused a huge volume of ash; the ash plume would be over central Colorado within 16 hours. After years of dedicated monitoring (knowing where to volcano is, unlike an earthquake not knowing exactly where this geological even is exactly) there was been increasing accuracy in forecasting eruptions.
...815 eruption of Mount Tambora. With over 70,000 deaths and a rating of 7 on the volcanic exclusivity index, this eruption is one of the largest in recorded history. Not only did this volcano cause destruction in Indonesia but the consequences were further felt around the world, as volcanic ash and sulphuric gases were dumped into the stratosphere causing a global climate shift. Dark clouds covered the sun, and dramatic weather changes ensued. Flash floods frequently occurred wiping out a great deal of crop eventually causing prices to skyrocket. Disease began to spread due to malnourishment and unsanitary living conditions. Eventually these consequences subsided and citizens began to migrate towards Mount Tambora once again. Today the government has placed seismic sensors are set up in the most volatile areas to ensure preparedness in the event of another volcano.
Boom! A once ice-capped mountain peak explodes as ash fills the air. “‘Vancouver, Vancouver, this is it!’”Those were the last words of expert geologist David Johnston (Gunn 561). In 1980, Mount Saint Helens of the state of Washington erupted, filling the air with ash and causing mudflows powerful enough to lift tons. It decimated everything in its path. The eruptions, mudflows, and ash caused great damage on the landscape, yet it gave us information on how catastrophes happen and how they affect society and the surrounding landscape. The data acquired can also help us understand the way the landscape was formed. Mount Saint Helens caused much damage, but also helped people understand the science behind it.
The first time I saw Mt. Rainier for myself, was last summer when my boyfriend and I drove to Washington. It was the most beautiful, peaceful looking mountain I have ever seen. However, underneath it's great beauty, it hides a deadly secret. Mt. Rainier is one of the most dangerous volcanoes that we have here in the United States. One of the reasons it is so dangerous is because of it's great beauty. People enjoy looking at it, and the area that surrounds it, so they have made their homes here. Mt Rainier is not the only volcano I am interested in, in fact this last summer I also went to Mt. St. Helens and Crater Lake. But it is the volcano I chose to research for this paper because it does have so much beauty and at the same time so much power. I already know the basics about volcanoes, how they form, the different types, etc., but I wanted to find out more about what would happen if this great volcano were to erupt, what type of eruption would it be, and how would it affect the people that live around it.
From modern examples and records we know that volcanic activity can set of a chai...
Stories about volcanoes are captivating. Myths come in different versions, but all of them are capable of capturing yours, and everybody’s imagination.
Krakatoa: The Day The World Exploded, by Simon Winchester, gives a thrilling account of the cataclysmic disaster of the same name. Krakatoa, the volcanic island in Java whose whose disastrous eruption caused earthquakes and tsunamis felt around the world, is remembered as one of the biggest catastrophes in human history. The book’s exhilarating narrative of the legendary event gives readers a brand new perspective on the catastrophe. It’s diverse topics such as detailed accounts of the event to science factoids keeps the reader interested and engaged. Although its narration may be hard to understand for readers who are new to the nonfiction genre, Winchester does his best to portray the captivating true story and place the reader in the survivors’ shoes.
Brigham, William Tufts, 1841-1926. The volcanoes of Kilauea and Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii: Their Variously Recorded History to the Present Time Bishop Museum Press, 1909.
1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens and the 1991 eruption Mt. Pinatubo. (Ball, J. n.d.).
Mount Vesuvius is a strato-volcano consisting of a volcanic cone (Gran Cono) that was built within a summit caldera (Mount Somma). The Somma-Vesuvius complex has formed over the last 25,000 years by means of a sequence of eruptions of variable explosiveness, ranging from the quiet lava outpourings that characterized much of the latest activity (for example from 1881 to 1899 and from 1926 to 1930) to the explosive Plinian eruptions, including the one that destroyed Pompeii and killed thousands of people in 79 A.D. At least seven Plinian eruptions have been identified in