Monosynaptic Reflex

This reflex is considered to be a monosynaptic reflex, the reason for that is because only one synapse in the circuit is needed to complete the reflex (i.e., one chemical synapse connecting the sensory portion of the pathway to the motor portion of the pathway). It is so fast that it only takes ~50 milliseconds between the tap on the knee and the start of leg’s upward movement.

Patellar reflex falls under the categories of stretch reflexes, which are aiming to protect the muscle against increases in length, stretching, which might causes a damage or a tear in muscle fibers. In other words, stretch reflexes are of great importance in maintaining humans’ upright posture. Therefore, the patellar reflex is the stretch reflex of the quadriceps

This condition is called Westphal’s sign. However, it usually indicates a disease that involves one or more of the components of the two-neuron reflex arc itself. Myasthenia gravis and botulism diseases or damage of quadris femoris muscle might be taken into account as well [9].

Upper Cervical Fractures: The cervical spine is divided into the upper cervical spine

(occiput-C2) and the lower cervical spine (C3-C7), according to anatomical differences. Fractures in the

However, based on the literature and specialized scientific communities, the choice is more biased towards Sciatic nerves, due to its large size, and its branches specially Common fibular (Peroneal) nerve because this nerve courses around fibula neck where it is deep to skin and hardly pressed against bone. It is worth to mention that the injury results in a condition called “foot drop” [6]. On the other hand, several opinions nominated the ulnar nerve for this title. It is due to fact that the nerve is unprotected at the elbow region [7].

Hip injuries and dislocation: the way a passenger or driver seated in the car translates into sitting the hip into flexed, adducted, and medially rotated position. This position leads the hip joint to be injured.

Bones:

Femoral head articulate with acetabulum of the hip bone to form the synovial ball and socket hip joint.

Blood Supply:

• Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries: branches of the profunda femoris artery. The medial circumflex femoral artery is the major arterial supply while the lateral circumflex femoral artery has to penetrate through the thick iliofemoral ligament to reach the hip joint that is the reason the damage to the medial circumflex femoral artery can cause avascular necrosis of the femoral