If PGE4B is the target of miR-23b, we expect to see less amount of mRNA in the miR-treated cells than the scramble treated cells. We performed qPCR, then using the Ct values; we calculated the 2-∆∆Ct with the intention of comparing the level of RNA between treated cells and the control ones. We did the experiment twice and achieved two sets of data so that the result will not be products of randomness.
We expected all negative controls would show no amplification. However except for the negative control of the control in the second data set, all the other negative control showed amplification which means there were contaminations. The sources of unwanted materials could be from pipetting when the tip of the pipette touched the gloves. Contamination could also occur because the tubes were left open for so long before the samples were added. As a consequence, contaminants might get into the tubes. Fortunately, the Ct values of all the negative controls (except one was undetermined) were significantly higher than that of other’s. Additionally, the difference in ratio of expression between the targeted samples and the positive samples were high (66.56%). From that, we considered the effect of
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If a certain disease was caused by abnormally expression of PGE4B, we could, theoretically, inject the miR-23b and cure the disease. On the other hand, ifsomeone has a diseases caused by misregulation of PGE4B’s expression because of the unusual expression of miR-23b. In that case, we can change the expression of miR-23b itself to restore the imbalance in gene expression and cure the disease. Additionally, qPCR can only tell us that the gene is a target, but it does not give us information about whether the gene is directly or secondarily regulated by the miRNA [15]. This is another question that needs to be
It helps medics to find a direct genetic cause of the patient’s condition and target it with pharmaceutical or other therapies. The technology is used for the identification of DNA sequences that increase risks of current diseases and disorders; with this information carriers can start to make efforts to prevent them before the development of the problem. The video mentioned 200 actionable genes, structures that have direct links with a specific condition. Knowing about their presence, people have a chance to bring in preventive measures like taking anticoagulants in the case of identification of a thrombogenic gene. The technology led to the significant improvement of diagnostics and personalized treatments. It helped to find a rare, life-threatening mutation in case of Beery twins and assign a drug to a girl (Alexis) that returned her to a normal life. In the case of cancer genome sequencing led to the development of genetic drags, which target essential tumor genes and make malign structures to shrink. The video mentioned a product that works with the BRАF protein that induces cells to uncontrolled division; the drug led to the remission in the patient with metastasizing melanoma. Such treatment was effective in the case of cystic fibrosis. In the case of the breast cancer the technology helps to evaluate the aggressiveness of the condition and make a personalized decision about chemotherapy. The video also mentioned the pre-implantation genetic diagnosis – an early-staged technology that prevents the development of inherited disorders in
Epigenetics is the word that is used for genes that are modified in order to assist certain genome sequences that lead to diseases and disorders. Epigenetics has come a long way since the first genome sequence had its draft breakthrough in the year 2000 (NOVA 2012). From depression to cancer, epigenetics has made its way through to provide families with the appropriate knowledge and perhaps medication in order to avoid these diseases and disorders in the future.
The purpose statement from my articles ( Arnetz et al., Berry at al., and Khadjehturian,) all helped to comprehensively answer both my PICOT and Clinical questions.
Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a frequently used method to observe expression levels of RNA (10). Using RT-PCR one is capable of identifying a predetermined gene (vangl2) via complementary Deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) (9). RT-PCR can then be used to clone the targeted gene by reverse transcribing its cDNA through the enzyme reverse transcriptase (10).
Potter, J. E., White, K., Hopkins, K., Amastae, J., & Grossman, D. (2010). Clinic Versus Over-
Nikitina, E. G., Urazova, L. N., & Stegny, V. N. (2012). MicroRNAs and Human Cancer.Experimental Oncology, 34(1), 2-8. Retrieved from http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/chem_biol/eol/2012_1/002.pdf
Bowers, L., Allan, T., Simpson, A., Nijman, H., & Warren, J. (2007). Adverse Incidents, Patient
If all this is done, we can ensure that we will get an accurate reading. Safety I will always wear safety goggles to avoid chemicals going into my eyes. All coats, bags and stools must be kept away from the area. Hair is to be tied back and ties tucked away at all times. GRAPH The practice experiment turned out rather well, and the results are similar to that of the other two experiments I carried out after.
RNA Interference has been successfully applied in many fields of medicines used to treat issues such as, Parkinson’s and Lung Cancer. One study, sponsored by Alnylam Phar...
The types of diseases that can be treated by gene therapy are those where replacement of a single gene is able to cure the disorder. Some of the main diseases currently being researched in gene therapy studies include cancer, hemophilia, sickle cell anemia, muscular dystro...
Wood, W. M., Karvonen, M., Test, D. W., Browder, D., & Algozzine, B. (2004). Promoting
Epigenetics is the study of both heritable and non-heritable changes in gene translation, which do not stem from mutation. Epigenetic alterations to DNA may occur in several different ways; histone modification, DNA methylations, expression of microRNAs, and changes of the chromatin structure (Ntanasis-Stathopoulos et al). Depending on their presentation, they may be passed on to offspring. The exact mechanism of heritable epigenetic modification has not been discovered, but all of these alterations may have some impact on a wide range of disorders and have far reaching implications in the medical field. The study of epigenetics seeks to answer the age old question of whether nature or nurture is responsible for our phenotype, and it has arrived at the answer that in fact, both are. The discovery of epigenetic changes may lead us to cure many disorders, and even personality problems.
Image what it would be like if doctors could cure Huntington's disease, muscular dystrophy, or even hemophilia. Could this be possible? With gene therapy this all could be reality in the near future. Gene therapy is a potential approach to the treatment of genetic disorders in humans. This is a technique where the absent or faulty gene is replaced by a working gene, so the body can make the correct enzyme or protein and consequently eliminate the root cause of the disease (BIO, 1990).
e) Ghosh, P. & Kelly, M. (2010). Expanding the power of PET with PERCIST. [Siemens Healthcare White Paper]. URL http://usa.healthcare.siemens.com/siemens_hwem-hwem_ssxa_websites-context-root/wcm/idc/groups/public/@us/@imaging/@molecular/documents/download/mdaw/nduz/~edisp/white_paper_10_percist-00309714.pdf
Blood and urine based biomarkers used in molecular pathology are only indicative of the average response of the cell population affected with little or no information of the range of response or variability form areas of tissue (Naddler and Langley 2001)