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History and strategies of community police
History and strategies of community police
Early Canadian law enforcement
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What policing models were introduced by Peel and MacDonald? Peel introduced the Military Bureaucratic Police Organization Model to address the problems at the time. MacDonald developed the Military-style model because he wanted soldiers. Why was each model implemented? What were the policing needs at the time? The Military Bureaucratic Police Organization model gave organizational structure, administrative control, and personal discipline to alleviate public scrutiny. It was made in response to the persistent problems of the coordination and control of police work, the conventional police organization became a centralized, specialized and formalized organization, emphasizing stability and operational autonomy. The hierarchical and rank of …show more content…
The Military Bureaucratic Police Organization Model was independent from politics and community, so they monitored themselves through rank and administration authority. Everything was formalised and procedure based, for reliability on independent professional control. Unlike the Military-style model where professionalism was disciplined into their members internally. The RCMP relied on their organization rather than their independent professionalism. Administration and superiors were immediately available and within a smaller structure, so there is more communication. Officers interacted with people and could establish a community policing level style instead of individual service. MacDonald wanted soldiers that did things by the book and reported just to the central government or their superiors within their own structure. The model developed a consumeristic cultural image for the internal and external structure. So, people trusted them for who they are known to be and the members of the RCMP took pride and claimed loyalty to the organization. The RCMP lacked the resources to control the individuals all over the provinces, so control was difficult and administration was even further away from the frontlines. Service was expected and individually transacted, with no community …show more content…
There is involvement with the public, but the internalised structure resisted community involvement in the process. The individual officers could get involved with the public on the community level instead of the general public level. The model drew its authority from public consent, cooperation and accountability. So, they needed the public to stay in power, not the federal government, unlike the RCMP. The eventual evolution of the RCMP to the community policing model would have the most favourable. It allowed members to be involved with locals and actually held them accountable on a municipal and provincial
made him one of Victoria’s leading citizens. Like all goodCanadian businessmen at the time, he joined the Canadian Militia. In 1897, he had enlisted as a lowly gunner in the 5th Regiment, Canadian Garrison Artillery; by 1909, he was the lieutenant-colonelcommanding the regiment. In late 1913, Currie accepted the challenge of raising and
Later on in his developing career, Currie met with a woman named Lucy Charworth-Musters, who would one day be his wife. With a paying job as a teacher, he decided to enlist in the militia as a lowly gunner in the 5th Regiment at the Canadian Garrison Artillery. In 1901, Currie married Lucy and found a better-paying job at an insurance firm at Matson and Coles (Dancocks, 1985). With great devotion to his wife and two children, the militia was still one of Currie’s priorities and he became a commander of the 5th Regiment of Artillery, winning the Governor-General’s Cup for efficiency (Hyatt, 1987). On the 4th of August in 1914, the British ultimatum to Germany expired and Canada was now automatically at war (Hyatt, 1987).
Macdonald instituted the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway. This railway became a huge part of many aspects of people’s lives during the 1800’s and beyond. Although there was a lot controversy regarding the it, the railway improved many issue that Canada was facing at the time. The railway brought soldiers West in hopes of controlling the North West rebellion. By doing this so efficiently, the government better understood the need for it and funded the final part of the building expenses. A few months later the Canadian Pacific Railway was finished thanks to the dream of Sir John A. Macdonald. Because of him and his idea for a transcontinental railway, Canada was improved economically though an increase in trade and the military became more effective due to the new mode of transportation. Thus, Sir John A. Macdonald significantly changed and improved Canadian history.
However, after reading the article the author noted that police are mandated to enforce civilian law and order, investigate crimes, and strictly follow legal procedures even when in pursuit of chronic and dangerous criminals (Kagoro, 2014). Ideally, it has been argued, there should be strict dividing lines between the police and the military; the former for domestic purposes with the latter protecting citizens from external threats (Kagoro, 2014). In his article on the anti-militarization of the police in the United States, Kurt Andrew Schlichter aptly put it that the military is designed, organized, and equipped to execute rapid, violent and efficient obliteration of the “enemy”-whoever the enemy may be ( Kagoro, 2014). However, the law enforcement is usually modeled after the military and in fact there a large number of police officers who are former military personnel. This was a new criticism of police that was unfamiliar to me in the study of criminal justice but, I found it to be a valid point. The idea of changing the focus of policing to be less of a battlefield and more of a community may be a compelling approach to make interaction with citizens less
The act of applying conscription during the First and Second World Wars have nearly torn Canada apart. The conscription crisis of 1917 was a treacherous event that occurred during the First World War. During this time the relations between Quebec and the rest of Canada were in an all time low in our Canadian history. The Québécois thought conscription was merely unnecessary no matter what circumstance; while all other Canadians did essentially want conscription occur. The contrast was inevitably high on the issue of conscription between the Québécois and the rest of Canada thus creating a solution when conscription was indeed needed was impossible. However while William Lyon Mackenzie King was the Prime Minister during the Second World War; he reacted differently in comparison to Robert Borden. Although King promised not to introduce conscription as did Borden in his campaign race; he dealt the issue of conscription in a more controlled manner. Essentially Mackenzie King approached the issue of conscription using prior knowledge learnt from World War One.
Sir John A. Macdonald was one of Canada's founding fathers. He is most remembered as being Canada's first Prime Minister, running the government from July 1, 1867 until November 5, 1873. Macdonald would become Prime Minister once again on October 17, 1878 and would stay in this position until June 6,1891. While he was leader of the country he faced his own share of political obstacles, including Confederation, the Metis rebellion and threats of an American he is among the greatest leaders Canada has ever seen and played a significant part in the forming of Canada as a country.
Sir Robert Peel, the creator of the first police force in 1829, London, England, modeled after the British Military. In America, the New York Sheriffs office was founded in 1626, In 1751, the City of Philadelphia established the first police force. A little over 220 years, before Sir Robert Peels police force in London. However, America’s version would soon morph into the Sir Robert Peels police model, following three principles, mission, strategy and organizational structure, moreover, this model could be compared to our two prong approach of “Professional and Community” policing of today. The mission was to prevent crime, by being visible in the community, the strategy was to be proactive, by actively pursuing offenders, and lastly, the
He may have truly believed that indigenous people were savages at the time. Other than the belligerent view of Macdonald, he had also contributed a great amount to the country of Canada. “He played a key role in the confederation”,which created the independent country of Canada. Due to the confederation, he was also named Prime Minister which resulted in many positive things for Canadian society. One of the things that he accomplished was the Canadian Pacific Railway. Macdonald was a key part of the creation of the long and expensive project as “he agreed to introduce legislation for the further financial support of the railway”. Due to his dedication, he united different parts of Canada and also allowed people to begin living on the west coast of Canada. Other than providing Canadians with nationwide transportation, Macdonald was also able to offer the country national protection by creating the North-West Mounted Police, later renamed Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Also, while Indigenous people were originally given the ability to vote in 1960, Macdonald proposed this nearly 60 years earlier. Along with pushing for Indigenous voting rights, “In the 1880s, Macdonald became ‘the first national leader in the world to attempt to grant women the vote,’ wrote biographer Richard
Policing in Canada is much different from many other nations due to the rich cultural diversity that Canada is blessed with having. The discussion on policing in a multicultural society must be viewed as a much more political question on how to respond to diversity (Ben-Porat, 2007). Policing has a problem when minority groups feel alienated from the Police or when they feel that the police are enforcing discriminating policies and unjust laws (Ben-Porat, 2007). There are many examples in Canada of racial biases on the side of the police. Recently the RCMP commissioner Bob Paulson made a public address acknowledging racial bias in Canadian Policing (Ireland, 2016). Unfortunately, credibility and legitimacy of the police among different minority groups in Canada has yet to be met due to these groups feeling that they have been unfairly treated (Ben-Porat, 2007). Most police agencies in Canada now have some form of diversity training relating to specific minority groups. Another thing that some of Canadas police agencies have done
Although, it has also been criticized for been incompatible with the community, inflexible and undermining some goals of policing, it is still acknowledged as an important organizational development in policing during the latter half of the 20th century (BJA, police executive research
The lack of funding and cutting of police budgets has left Canada in a serious dilemma when it comes to ability to deal wi...
Improved economy helped Canada’s rate of crime decrease since the 1990’s but different evidence suggests that methods used in response to serious crimes during that time may have influenced the crime trends. The Constitution Act of 1867 contains the authority to enact criminal laws and procedures to be followed by the federal government (Welsh & Irving, 2005). First enacted in 1892, the Criminal Code, continually revised, is used for setting out two main categories of offense: indictable and summary conviction, indictable being homicide and robbery, more serious kinds of crime with involved trials (Welsh & Irving, 2005). Canada is also known for its Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and these police ...
It is necessary for different ranking levels to resolve issues. For example, the “Chief” of an organization does not always have time to answer all of the little questions or deal with every issue. When there is a chain of command, the lower level employees can utilize the chain of command to help resolve issues in a timely manner. Without this structure, employees would “flood” the “chief” with all of the issues, and the supervisors will be kept out of the loop of what’s going on. Nevertheless, I believe the paramilitary structure will work in policing for the reasons, information flows up the chain of command from the street officer to the police administration and orders and commands flow down the chain to the street officer. The chain of command and the paramilitary structure have been retained, regardless to the complexity of the police bureaucracy. Therefore, no matter how defined the hierarchy is or how flat the structure is, the goal was to be more consistent with community-oriented policing (Travis,
It is both a result and a cause of police isolation from the larger society and of police solidarity. Its influence begins early in the new officer’s career when he is told by more experienced officers that the “training given in police academies is irrelevant to ‘real’ police work”. What is relevant, recruits are told, is the experience of senior officers who know the ropes or know how to get around things. Recruits are often told by officers with considerable experience to forget what they learned in the academy and in college and to start learning real police work as soon as they get to their Field Training Officers. Among the first lessons learned are that police officers share secrets among themselves and that those secrets especially when they deal with activities that are questionable in terms of ethics, legality, and departmental policy, are not to be told to others. They also are told that administrators and Internal Affairs officers cannot often be trusted. This emphasis on the police occupational subculture results in many officers regarding themselves as members of a “blue
A common style of police leadership is a more bureaucratic style where the leader manages “by the book”, everything must be done in accordance with pre-written policies and procedures (Cordner & Scarborough, 2010). When a certain problem or concern isn’t covered by the book the leader refers to the next level for a decision. This style removes the ability of the leader to manage and forces a strict accordance to the “book”. This style can be very effective when dealing with dangerous situations which can be a common occurrence in police work.