Middle Age Economy
The economy mostly seen in the early middle ages was feudalism, Europe’s form of government
in the Middle Ages, was developed in the fifth century to meet the changing needs of the time. It
was based heavily on the honor system. The king had overall power, then the lord, then the
vassals, or landowners, and finally down to the peasants, known then as the villeins. The fiefs, or
estates, could be rented out to one vassal who would then rent portions of the fief to three more,
and so on. Each person would give their peer a fee (called the guild) and goods in return for
protection. As an old medieval saying states, "No land without the lord, no lord without the
land." The system became outdated in the 1400s.
During the eleventh and twelfth centuries, Europe enjoyed an economic and
agricultural boom. A slight warming of the climate and improved agricultural techniques allowed
lands that had previously been marginal or even infertile to become fully productive. In the late
twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, however, the climate once again began to cool and
agricultural innovations could not maintain the productivity of frontier lands that again became
marginal or were abandoned entirely. The decreased agricultural output could no longer support
the same level of economic activity and, as early as the middle of the thirteenth century, the
economy was beginning to weaken. By early in the fourteenth century and continuing well into
that century, a declining population, shrinking markets, a decrease in arable land and a general
mood of pessimism were evidence of deteriorating economic conditions. This trend was far from
universal and it was certainly less severe in northern Italy. Also, north of the Alps, some
communities quickly rebounded and thrived on their commercial and manufacturing ventures.
Coventry, England, for example, flourished with its woolen cloth industry while Bruges, in
modern-day Belgium, was one of the major commercial centers of the North. In the early
fourteenth century, Florence's textile industry and banking catapulted the city-state into the
forefront of European enterprise and, eventually, into the Italian Renaissance. Significant private
international banking and commercial ventures provided the found...
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... farmers, manorialism came to an end. In the cities of
Europe, urban populations tended to recover more quickly from the plague than rural
communities. This led to large migrations into cities after plague outbreaks but many of these
immigrants remained unemployed. The gap between the rich and the poor widened as the elite
closed ranks to protect their holdings and positions. Close-knit and exclusive guilds were
organized by occupation to regulate workers and eliminate outside competition.
Attempts by the nobility and mercantile elite to legislate the wages and services of the
peasantry and to protect their market monopolies led to violent revolts that were often ruthlessly
suppressed. The French Jaquerie of 1358 was followed by the Florentine Ciompi revolt in 1378
and the English peasant’s revolt in 1381. Similar popular uprisings occurred in Germany, Spain
and the Netherlands. Still, the ruling classes managed to maintain their power. Slowly, the
economy began to recover from the devastations of the late 1300's and early 1400's, and by 1500,
the economic crisis had passed, setting the stage for the flourishing of the Renaissance.
One effect that the Black Death had on Medieval Europe was that the economy had fallen. (FELL)The economy had taken a blow because of the fact that most of the workers had either died, or ran away from their lords and manors. One piece of evidence stated, “As the plague kept occurring in the late 1300s, the European economy sank to a new low (Document 9).” Another piece of evidence states,” In the second half of the 14th century, a man could simply up and leave a manor, secure in the knowledge that
"In less than four years the disease carved a path of death through Asia, Italy, France, North Africa, Spain and Normandy, made its way over the Alps into Switzerland, and continued eastward into Hungary" (Microsoft Bookshelf, page 1). After a brief respite, the plague resumed, crossing the channel into England, Scotland, and Ireland, and eventually made its way into the northern countries of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland and even as far north as Greenland. In other words, the plague touched almost the entire known world.
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In the Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes has many different things to say about human nature and what drives men to commit certain actions. All of the actions committed by men and Thomas Hobbes theories revolve around two central ideas, competition and desire. And because of competition and desire, people can never reach true happiness. Man’s own desires and need to be better than the next person will stop true happiness. But in order to understand why Hobbes believes this, his view on human nature has to be looked at first. In Chapter 11 of the Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes places great emphasis on desire. Hobbes says that mankind always does whatever it needs to in order to accomplish its desires. When we accomplish one desire, we simply move on to whatever we want next. The progress that is made in accomplishing one desire and moving on to the next one is what he calls Felicity (Leviathan Ch.11). The reasons that men have desires in the first place are because we have a life style that we love and enjoy. So naturally, humans want to do everything they can in order to keep that lifestyle.
People often think nature supports our value judgments or claims about the goodness of human life. People argue that God has intended for all things to be good, nature will lead us towards the ultimate good. Hobbes will argue differently about nature because nature causes scarcity among resources along with competition, distrust and glory which causes violence and conflict. Hobbes does agree with the fact that the state of nature does make us all equal. Hobbes is not talking about equality in the sense that God made all people equal but in the sense that we all have the ability to kill one another. Also nature causes all men and women to have self-preservation. .According to Hobbes, despite nature not supporting justice and the greatest good does not mean people can never live under a sovereign entity that implements laws and punishments. The sovereign implements laws through fear. When there is no sovereign, people will always live in a state of war. Since nature does not provide a foundation for us to live by, the sovereign has to create it through fear of a punishment of a violent death. Since there is no greatest
The Medieval Times for Europe, from the 400 AD till 1400 AD, are often labeled as “The Dark Ages”. This time period has begun after a turning point known as Fall of Rome. It caused Rome to divide into two well-known civilizations: Medieval Europe, Islam, and The Byzantine Empire. Also, Medieval Europe led to a well known utopian period of “rebirth” identified as the Renaissance. The time period between 400 CE and 1400 CE wasn’t a “Dark Age” for Europe because of progress in academic success, blossom in architecture, and religious unity along with government. It wasn’t a cultural decay or decline because of the legendary time period it led to.
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Ammonium phosphates, utilized as fertilizers, are the result of the reaction of phosphoric acid and ammonia. About 3% of Ammonium phosphate is used as animal feed and for industrial application and diammonium phosphate is used as phosphate fertilizer. The N-P-K ratio of 18-46-0 and good handling properties make it ideal for small and large-scale agriculture. The combination of 1,175 tons of phosphoric acid with 40% P2O5 and 0.23 tons of ammonia give a ton of DAP which mean that about one ton of sulphur is required. The phosphate sector is dominated by the DAP trade, affecting prices and production. The manufacture of DAP, which is used mainly in mass blending, involves the use of about 35-40 percent of the global production of phosacid. Over 40% of the DAP’s global production is sold across borders, beating ammonia. To get a ton of MAP or monoammonium phosphate,
Werner Heisenberg, born in the dawn of the twentieth century became one of its greatest physicists; he is also among its most controversial.
The desire for self-preservation creates an inherent competitiveness throughout the state of nature, one that drives the feelings of distrust and fear, and perpetuates the glory-seeking nature of all men. Even if a person seems like he or she is performing a good deed for someone else, their purpose is not to aid another, it is self-serving in the sense that it will make him or her feel and look good. Like Locke, Hobbes also believes that all men are equal, not because they were born equal, but because they can kill each other, which makes no one life worth more than another. These drastically different idea’s of human nature result in two distinct theories of the state of nature.
Many of the French people were left without homes, food or livestock, they were about to face a harsh winter and were unsure if they had enough seeds to plant crops the following year. The climatic changes that occurred over Europe had drastic consequences for agriculture, resulting in malnutrition which pre-disposed the populace to disease. Inflation increased and famine soon spread across Europe, resulting in many deaths. Around 1339, Europe’s population began to increase, this growth began to surpass the capacity of the land to feed its populace. Therefore, a severe economic crisis began to emerge....
Werner Heisenberg was a German physicist and one of the most important key people involved with quantum mechanics. He was born on December 5, 1901 in Würzburg, Germany. He lived with his father Dr. August Heisenberg and his wife Annie Wecklein. His father was a professor of middle and Modern Greek languages at the University of Munich. Because of his father’s success, this is what inspired him to work harder and find solutions to physics and atomic theory. Heisenberg attended a school in Munich until the year 1920. He went to school to study physics, later on got his Ph.D., and then got a job as an assistant for Max Born. In 1941, he was given professor of physics at the University of Berlin. When Heisenberg was only 23 years old, he discovered
Sedation dentistry, alternatively called relaxation dentistry or oral sedation dentistry, is a process of delivering oral medication or a combination of medications in order to induce a heightened state of relaxation. Sedation dentistry puts the patient at ease, reduces or eliminates fears, relaxes both the mind and the body, and often produces moderate amnesia of the subsequent dental work performed. It is estimated that one in seven people harbor deep phobic fears of dentistry. For many, those fears keep them from stepping inside a dentist's office, sometimes for years and to the detriment of their quality of life. Sedation dentistry is often seen as the answer to their prayers, not only because it delivers pain-free dentistry but because
If levels of phosphorus are too high, the excess of plant nutrients serves to drive the