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History of treatment mental illness essay
Treatment for mental illness 1950's
Mental illness in today's society
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According to the Facts and Numbers page on the National Alliance of Mental Illness website, "One in four adults--approximately 61.5 million Americans-- experience mental illness in a given year. One in fo17-- about 13.6 million-- live with a serious mental illness such as schizophrenia, major depression or bipolar disorder." (Facts and Numbers). Throughout history people with mental illness have been perceived as lesser than those without mental illness, and thus these people have an innumerable amount of difficulties and challenges to overcome compared to their counterparts with the benefits of pristine mental health. In The Mad Among Us by Gerald N. Grob, he describes the change of the ways of caring for the mentally ill starting from the beginning of institutionalization in the early eighteenth century (Grob 17) to the idea that serious disorders cannot be cured, but alleviating the symptoms "should be able to remove the obstacles that stand in the way of natural self-healing processes." (Grob 311). The lies of people with mental illness are as diverse as the disorders they live with. Unimaginable obstacles are waiting around every corner for people with mental illness. Treatment is helpful in trying to cure or lessen the effects of mental illness while still causing major difficulties for those suffering from the illness. In his book, A History of Psychiatry, Edward Shorter describes the first use of electroconvulsive therapy by Roman psychiatrist, Ugo Cerletti, in April of 1938 in attempt to cure or less the effects of mental illness, even though "[a]s the patients thrashed upon the table, they were at risk of breaking limbs and fracturing vertebrae." (Shorter 223). Knowledge has not always been as advanced as it currentl... ... middle of paper ... ...nstitutions where they received the medications, treatments, therapy, and care that they require to function properly, but were unable to access in the outside world. The disorders may get worse for these people without proper supervision, but the health care system is selfish and only thinks of the financial gains and not of the needs of the patients. America provides it's mentally ill citizens with a health care system that does not view them as a high priority and instead views them as a liability. Mental illness is a problem affecting a large majority of the world's population with approximately 450 million people worldwide suffering from these complex diseases (Mental Disorders Affect One in Four People). Similar to other major diseases humans experience, mental illness provides people with an abundant amount of disputes and boundaries they must surmount.
As a result of the lack of regulation in state mental institutions, most patients were not just abused and harassed, but also did not experience the treatment they came to these places for. While the maltreatment of patients did end with the downsizing and closing of these institutions in the 1970’s, the mental health care system in America merely shifted from patients being locked up in mental institutions to patients being locked up in actual prisons. The funds that were supposed to be saved from closing these mental institutions was never really pumped back into treating the mentally ill community. As a result, many mentally ill people were rushed out of mental institutions and exposed back into the real world with no help where they ended up either homeless, dead, or in trouble with the law. Judges even today are still forced to sentence those in the latter category to prison since there are few better options for mentally ill individuals to receive the treatment they need. The fact that America, even today, has not found a proper answer to treat the mentally ill really speaks about the flaws in our
The fight for improved health care for those with mental illness has been an ongoing and important struggle for advocates in the United States who are aware of the difficulties faced by the mentally ill and those who take care of them. People unfortunate enough to be inflicted with the burden of having a severe mental illness experience dramatic changes in their behavior and go through psychotic episodes severe enough to the point where they are a burden to not only themselves but also to people in their society. Mental institutions are equipped to provide specialized treatment and rehabilitative services to severely mentally ill patients, with the help of these institutions the mentally ill are able to get the care needed for them to control their illness and be rehabilitated to the point where they can become a functional part of our society. Deinstitutionalization has led to the closing down and reduction of mental institutions, which means the thousands of patients who relied on these mental institutions have now been thrown out into society on their own without any support system to help them treat their mental illness. Years after the beginning of deinstitutionalization and after observing the numerous effects of deinstitutionalization it has become very obvious as to why our nation needs to be re-institutionalized.
As science has evolved, so have treatments for mental illnesses have over time. The medical model is described as the view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin (King, 2010, pg. 413). Abnormal behavior that categorizes some disorders can be impacted by biological factors such as genes, psychological factors such as childhood experiences, and even sociocultural factors such as gender and race (King, 2010). Treatments such as psychosurgery (lobotomy) , drug therapy (pharmaceuticals), electroconclusive therapy, and psychoanalysis are used to treat a wide range of psychological disorders. Back then, the public’s negative views on mental illnesses also went as far to associate with the people who treated it; psychiatrists. “Nunnally (1961) found that the public evaluated professionals who treated mental disorders significantly more negatively than those who treat physical disorders,” (Phelan, Link, Stueve, & Pescosolido, 2000, pg. 189). People back then didn’t see the point in “paying to be told that they were crazy”. However, in today’s society, it is now acceptable to seek help from psychiatric professionals; we are seeing more and more people seek mental health treatment. “In terms of facility-based records of utilization (Manderscheid and Henderson 1998), the data suggest that the rate of utilization of professional mental health services has at least doubled and maybe tripled, between the 1950’s and today,” (Phelan, Link, Stueve, & Pescosolido, 2000, pg. 189). In the 1950’s, neuroleptic drugs like Thorazine were introduced to treat the symptoms of schizophrenia. These drugs block a neurotransmitter called dopamine from getting to the brain, which in turn reduce schizophrenic symptoms, however there are some side effects such as substantial twitching of the neck, arms, and legs, and even dysphoria or lack of pleasure. (King, 2010, pg.
Mental illness has been around as long as people have been. However, the movement really started in the 19th century during industrialization. The Western countries saw an immense increase in the number and size of insane asylums, during what was known as “the great confinement” or the “asylum era” (Torrey, Stieber, Ezekiel, Wolfe, Sharfstein, Noble, Flynn Criminalizing the Seriously Mentally Ill). Laws were starting to be made to pressure authorities to face the people who were deemed insane by family members and hospital administrators. Because of the overpopulation in the institutions, treatment became more impersonal and had a complex mix of mental and social-economic problems. During this time the term “psychiatry” was identified as the medical specialty for the people who had the job as asylum superintendents. These superintendents assumed managerial roles in asylums for people who were considered “alienated” from society; people with less serious conditions wer...
Mental healthcare has a long and murky past in the United States. In the early 1900s, patients could live in institutions for many years. The treatments and conditions were, at times, inhumane. Legislation in the 1980s and 1990s created programs to protect this vulnerable population from abuse and discrimination. In the last 20 years, mental health advocacy groups and legislators have made gains in bringing attention to the disparity between physical and mental health programs. However, diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses continues to be less than optimal. Mental health disparities continue to exist in all areas of the world.
Mental illness plagues one out of four American citizens. Mental illness varies greatly from person to person. The spectrum of mental illness includes many illnesses including, depression and anxiety as well as some more serious illnesses such as Down syndrome. All mental illness plays a role in how this person is going to function in society. These individuals have unique needs and individual strengths that need evaluated for proper care.
Until the middle of the last century, public mental health in the United States had been the responsibility, for the most part, of individual states, who chose to deal with their most profoundly mentally-ill by housing them safely and with almost total asylum in large state mental hospitals. Free of the stresses we all face in our lives, the mentally-ill faced much better prospects for peaceful lives and even recovery than they would in their conditions in ordinary society. In the hospitals, doctors were always accessible for help, patients were assured food and care, and they could be monitored to insure they never became a danger to themselves or others. Our nation’s state hospital system was a stable, efficient way to help improve the lives of our mentally disabled.
A social need that is experienced worldwide is mentally illness. Mental illness in my opinion is one of the most neglected, as well as, the most vulnerable population and today time. The reasons being, a lot of people, as well as, professional people do not understand the disease. So therefore, if they do not understand the mental illness disease, how can they be an assist to the person/persons who suffer with the disease? When I say professional speaking of the law enforcer (police). And the economic unjust is there is not a lot of funds to enhance the improvement with this problem. In addition, there is not a lot of people who are competent or knowledgeable about the illness.
".. asylums based on the true meaning of the word: places of sancuary and safety for vulnerable people" "..Not the dismal instituitions that were shuttered in the past.."(Room for Debate). In the article, Psychiatric institutions Are a Necessity it provides sufficient information in order to bring back thses instituitons. This artcle, will make you see that the mentall ill are not crimminals or animals, but people who suffer from an illness that requiers a cure and attention. In the article, Should the U.S. Bring Back Psychiatric Asylums, as assistant professor of medical ethics,health policy , and psychiatty states " that the care should be "designed in collaboration with the patient".Thsi is said because there is many patients who require a certian type of care, not the same traumatic care from the early 1970s.(Should the U.S. Bring Back PSychiatrc Asylums ) . However, in the article "History of Psychiatric Hospitals reads that today there is a small amount of private psychiatric hospitals that deliver care and treatment "through a web of services including crisis services, short-term ..." In addition, there are "services that range from twenty-four- hour assistant living environments to clinics and clinicians ... that offer..psycho-therapeutic treatments" (History of Psychiatric Hospitals). What this means is that now in today's world, we somewhat provide treatment in clinics and hospitals, however, we need more than that for those who still need more attention then the rest. "asylums...might be still needed for the most vulnerable individuals who need supportive living environments" For
Society and communities had to work together to take care of the mentally ill, but they began to be unable due to the rise of the number of the mentally ill (Shatkin). It was only in the 19th century that the mentally ill were taken care of by state asylums, which caused the amount of asylums to increase (Shatkin). As time passed, communities began to once again take care of the mentally ill, partially due to Milieu Therapy. Milieu Therapy suggested that the mentally ill should reside in communities were everybody supported the mentally ill, and the result was a decrease in use of mental institutions. However, once patients were deinstitutionalized, some communities failed to adapt to the mentally ill’s lifestyles, leaving them often homeless, without a job, and having little life skills (Dual Diagnosis). Since these former patients would often turn to crime to try and fix their troubles, doctors in this modern era try to partner with their patients and actually help them, unlike the communities that would try to push the mentally ill to the
Mental disorders and illnesses are highly stigmatized, and this is causing people to hide away in silence. Milena Bimpong addresses that “In the United States, about 43.8 billion adults have a mental illness – this is equal to one in five adults. And among these adults,
Mental illness, today we are surround by a broad array of types of mental illnesses and new discoveries in this field every day. Up till the mid 1800’s there was no speak of personality disorder, in fact there was only two type of mental illness recognized. Those two illnesses as defined by Dr. Sam Vaknin (2010), “”delirium” or “manial”- were depression (melancholy), psychoses, and delusions.” It was later in 1835 when J. C. Pritchard the British Physician working at Bristol Infirmary Hospital published his work titled “Treatise on Insanity and Other Disorder of the Mind” this opened the door to the world of personality disorder. There were many story and changes to his theories and mental illness and it was then when Henry Maudsley in 1885 put theses theories to work and applied to a patient. This form of mental illness has since grown into the many different types of personality disorder that we know today. Like the evolution of the illness itself there has been a significant change in the way this illness is diagnosed and treated.
Health psychology is a relatively new concept rapidly growing and could be defined as the biological and psychological influences affect ones behaviour also bringing in social influences of health and illness (MacDonald, 2013). Biological determinants consider genetic and biological factors of an illness whereas psychological determinants focus on the psychological factors such as why people behave the way they do when dealing with issues such as anxiety and stress. Models such as the Health Belief Model and Locus of Control were developed in attempt to try and explain psychological issues around a chronic illness such as breast cancer (Ogden, 2012). Sociological factors can cause an enormous amount of pressure for one to behave in a certain way for example gender roles in society and religious considerations when dealing with health beliefs. Health Beliefs can be defined as one’s own perception to their own personal health and illness and health behaviours (Ogden, 2012). There are also theories and models used to explain pain and coping with diagnosis such as Moos and Schaefer (1984) Crisis theory and Shontz (1975) cycle of grief people go through when being diagnosed with a serious illness.
Mental illness is accompanied by a stigma and interferes with almost all aspects of one’s life. The type, severity and duration of the illness vary from one individual to the next. The delay or absence of treatment for patients with mental illness has serious consequences. mental illness costs the U.S. government an estimated $193.2 billion annually in lost earnings. (Insel, 2008). According to Colton & Manderscheid, mental illness and physical illness is one of the same and both conditions should be provided together within the healthcare system
As society advances, we can claim more and more improvements in so many areas of life - mathematics, science, the arts, and certainly, the field of medicine. As new illnesses hit, we find cures for those we struggled with previous, making advancement after advancement. However, despite our improvement, there is one area of healthcare in which we are sadly behind - mental illness. Since the beginning of civilization, mental illnesses have been stigmatized, demonized, feared - pushed to the corners of society, and the corners of the mind. The fact of the matter is, these struggles deserve as much sympathy and care as physical diseases. Today, a few of these illnesses are just now beginning to come under scrutiny, as people attempt to reduce the