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Masculinity and feminism
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Recommended: Masculinity and feminism
Topic: Representations of Masculinity in Advertisements A way of doing gender
Intro:
Masculine images typically convey power, strength, , athleticism, and competitiveness whereas feminine images show beauty, submissiveness, nurturance, and cooperation. Such themes appear repeatedly in popular culture (including advertisements) and are often accepted by those who see them as natural aspects of the human condition. The subject of this essay is the representation of gender in advertising. The focus will be on the story that advertising tells about masculinity and femininity and how it models and idealizes certain roles and behaviors while ignoring others. These particular ads are intended to draw attention to the range of ideas in contemporary advertising. The representations of gender in these
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In Judith Lorber and Patricia Yancey Martin’s chapter “The Socially Constructed Body” they state, “The equation of big size, strong muscles, and “true masculinity” is a pervasive theme in U.S. culture. They go on to show how in our society we are bias to men being tall and put together.
According to Bordo , to present the man in the action of exhibiting himself as a physical object would feminize him. If the body must be presented, as in the case of a man in his underwear, additional visual elements must be present to preserve his masculinity. I will be using this to further explain my arguments of how Axe commercials homogenizes the stereotypical characteristics of what a man should be or should be able to do. Critically, ads influence how we think about masculinity and femininity, what is sexy, and what will be seen as attractive by desired others. Standard advertising poses generally signal men’s dominance over submissive women, be it through physical, financial, or psychological
Common sense seems to dictate that commercials just advertise products. But in reality, advertising is a multi-headed beast that targets specific genders, races, ages, etc. In “Men’s Men & Women’s Women”, author Steve Craig focuses on one head of the beast: gender. Craig suggests that, “Advertisers . . . portray different images to men and women in order to exploit the different deep seated motivations and anxieties connected to gender identity.” In other words, advertisers manipulate consumers’ fantasies to sell their product. In this essay, I will be analyzing four different commercials that focuses on appealing to specific genders.
Aaron Devor in, “Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meanings of Gender,” argues that gender is a performance. He supports his argument by recognizing how society rewards, tolerates or punishes conformity to or divergence from social norms (widely accepted behaviors set by society). If a male fails to fall into his expected characterization of dominance and aggression or a female fails to act out in passivity and submission, they are at high risk of societal punishment.
The documentary Killing Us Softly 4 discusses and examines the role of women in advertisements and the effects of the ads throughout history. The film begins by inspecting a variety of old ads. The speaker, Jean Kilbourne, then discusses and dissects each ad describing the messages of the advertisements and the subliminal meanings they evoke. The commercials from the past and now differ in some respects but they still suggest the same messages. These messages include but are not limited to the following: women are sexual objects, physical appearance is everything, and women are naturally inferior then men. Kilbourne discusses that because individuals are surrounded by media and advertisements everywhere they go, that these messages become real attitudes and mindsets in men and women. Women believe they must achieve a level of beauty similar to models they see in magazines and television commercials. On the other hand, men expect real women to have the same characteristics and look as beautiful as the women pictured in ads. However, even though women may diet and exercise, the reality...
Professors Carrie Packwood and Debra Merskin, authors of the essay “Having It His Way: The Construction of Masculinity in Fast-Food Advertising”, repudiate the stereotypical macho behaviors that are used in several commercials to build a reputation for men while women are used as objects. Media use this stereotype to sell nearly every product; being fast food, beer, and cars on top of the list. Furthermore, Packwood and Merskin claim that advertisement present men, compared to women, as superior individuals with total freedom who see women as prizes. The perfect macho type is a strong resource to sell beer; the Tui beer commercial “Temptations can be dangerous, stay focused” applied this stereotype, where men are on the spotlight and women
Schroeder, Jonathan & Zwick, Detlev, Mirrors of Masculinity: Representation and Identity in Advertising Images: Consumption, Markets and Culture, (Volume 7: March 2004)
Advertising, whether criticized or celebrated, is undeniably a strong force in American society. Portrayals and Images of women have long been used to sell in published advertisements. However, how they have been used has changed enormously throughout the decades. Women have fought to find a lasting and prominent position in their society. Only in the span of twenty years, between 1900’s and 1920’s, the roles of women changed dramatically here in United States.
Katz states that “physical size and strength for many men have become increasingly important to proving manhood” (Katz 3). He blames mainstream media for creating stereotypes of what men should look like and how they should act if they want to be a manly man. Action films starring, buff, male actors is one example he uses that portrays a tough guy image. He goes on to say that men are challenged by woman in education and in profession so the belief to have the advantage of being stronger and bigger in build result proving how important physical appearance is to man (Katz 2). The way he explains it is that men are to be seen as violent and more powerful or they won’t be seen as a manly man. Katz stresses on the idea of stereotypical images of men and the expectations that are put on men because of how much it can affect them at a young
Weber, B.R. (2006). What makes the man? Television makeovers, made-over masculinity, and male body image. International Journal of Men's Health, 5(3). Retrieved April, 8, 2008, from EBSCOhost Research Database.
In Gender Advertisements, Goffman analysed the ways in which popular media constructs masculinity and femininity through looking at more than 500 advertisements. Goffman’s studies showed a clear contrast in the ways in which both men and women are presented to society. Generally, women held lower gazes whilst men looked straight on; men were strong in their grip whilst women were lighter and more delicate; women were more melodramatic whilst men were stoic and controlled etc. Overall, Goffman argued that the relationship between men and women was presented as a parent-child relationship – men are powerful whilst women represent subordination (Goffman,
Curry and Clarke’s article believe in a strategy called “visual literacy” which develops women and men’s roles in advertisements (1983: 365). Advertisements are considered a part of mass media and communications, which influence an audience and impact society as a whole. Audiences quickly begin to rely on messages sent through advertisements and can create ideologies of women and men. These messages not only are extremely persuasive, but they additionally are effective in product consumption in the media (Curry and Clarke 1983:
fairy-tale provides a ready-made answer for the insomniac question: How to be a man? Beer advertisements achieve that by focusing on physical structure by using the features of cowboys riding horses and performing in roads. It has been mentioned, " the myth of masculinity is manifested in myriad forms of mediated and nonmediated communication; beer commercials are only one such form, and to a large extent. The das merely reflect preexisting cultural conceptions of the man's man" (Craig 36). Male models are shown in clothes commercials to market a suit or a uniform or a casual look. They also appear in underwares' commercials and the most shocking thing by 8.5% percent though women by 3.4% percent (Rubchak 118). What is masculine in acting like
There has always been the cliché of gender roles in toddlers that girls play with dolls and boys play with tools and cars. Is that what is expected of children of each sex, or do adults not know any better? When my male cousin was born when I was sixteen, the baby was showered with gifts of plastic screwdrivers, wrenches, saws, Bob the Builder accessories, and of course--toy cars. Why do we have this preoccupation that little boys--who in turn become men—have the desire for model cars? Since Karl Benz designed a practical car with an internal combustion engine in 1885, cars have been deemed the toy for boys. In Benz’s time, automobiles were considered a gentleman’s luxury; they were to be driven only by men who could afford them. Women, considered to be incapable of driving in the early 1900s, were supposed to be passengers along for a ride. When advertising came around once cheap automobiles could be produced in the 1920s, it was no surprise that nearly every single advertisement was geared towards men. In Michele Ramsey’s article on automobile advertising and gender, the advertising that was geared towards women was used to support that buying an automobile would make one’s social status climb due to attractiveness. Also, no women ads featured them in the economic world, only in caring for others and that buying a car helped one “be a good mother”. The early ads focused on men were the subtle things such as the boasting of the sheer power a car had available, or the image of a man catching the eye of a woman in his new car. Into the 1950s, the standard advertising for the newly evolved sports car usually featured a young man in a Corvette for example, with women looki...
In the essay “Beauty (Re)discovers the Male Body,” author and philosopher Susan Bordo discusses the history and current state of male representation in advertisements. While using her feminist background, Bordo compares and contrasts the aspects of how men and women are portrayed in the public eye. She claims that there has been a paradigm shift the media with the theory that not just women are being objectified in the public eye, but also men too. Since the mid-1970s, with the introduction of Calvin Klein commercials, men have started to become more dehumanized and regarded as sex symbols. In a similar fashion to how Bordo describes gender, race plays a similar role in the media. People of all different ethnicities and cultures are being categorized into an oversimplified and usually unfair image by the media over basic characteristics.
Women – beautiful, strong matriarchal forces that drive and define a portion of the society in which we live – are poised and confident individuals who embody the essence of determination, ambition, beauty, and character. Incomprehensible and extraordinary, women are persons who possess an immense amount of depth, culture, and sophistication. Society’s incapability of understanding the frame of mind and diversity that exists within the female population has created a need to condemn the method in which women think and feel, therefore causing the rise of “male-over-female” domination – sexism. Sexism is society’s most common form of discrimination; the need to have gender based separation reveals our culture’s reluctance to embrace new ideas, people, and concepts. This is common in various aspects of human life – jobs, households, sports, and the most widespread – the media. In the media, sexism is revealed through the various submissive, sometimes foolish, and powerless roles played by female models; because of these roles women have become overlooked, ignored, disregarded – easy to look at, but so hard to see.
Montez and De Orca found that media has constructed a “white male loser” who is vulnerable to humiliation at the hands of a woman. Such Super Bowl commercials feature emasculated men who have become submissive to their partners, therefore relinquishing their power and control. One example is Flo Tv’s ad “Spineless” featuring a man shopping for bras with his girlfriend and a sport’s commentator updating on an injury report saying “as you can see his girlfriend has removed his spine rendering him incapable of watching the game.” The man is staring blankly as the girlfriend drags him to various stores, ending with the commentor saying “change out of that skirt Jason.” This commercial targets men who have been “feminized” by women. This is also true of Pascoe’s article, which says “Boys are forced to hide their true emotions and develop an emotional shell which is masculinity” (CP 94). A man must stand up to a woman to prove he is not emotional and therefore