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Karl marx views
Communism as applied by lenin in russia
Lenins relation to the revolution
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Bibliographic Assignment
Marxist approaches to international relations
1. Source: chapter from an edited book
McGlinchey, S., Walters, R. and Scheinpflug, C. (2017). International Relations
Theory. Bristol, England: E-International Relations Publishing, pp.42-48.
Summary
The text first defines Karl Marx as an “internationalist” and looks at various appropriations of his ideas. First, World systems theory aims to understand how states developed in relation to each other and how capitalism formed. Three groups of states exist: the core, the semi-periphery and the periphery. Capitalism needs a peripheral group that provides the core with the means for a “high level of consumption and security.” The text continues with Gramsci’s notions – that
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In Australia’s case the amount of blue-collar workers in the
Fergus Ewington
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workforce is at a low point. The proletariat or labouring class is being replaced by the services sector. A new kind of working class is thus formed. We must consider this and adapt Marxist theories accordingly.
4. Source: academic journal article
Malo, E. (2014). What should Marxism propose to International Relations?. Academicus International Scientific Journal, 10, pp.131-169.
Summary
Malo investigates historical materialism, a part of Marxist theory, which states that human societies and their cultural institutions were a consequence of economic activity and essential class struggles. He believes that Marxism is a significant intellectual alternative to conventional science. He argues that historical materialism is a normative and can depict “alternative systematic analyses in the disciple of IR”. He creates a need for a historical materialist turn in IR and an ontological reconstruction of Marxism. Thus, offering a new perspective on power relations, conflict and cooperation in international
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This system gives the working class democratic control. Further, productive resources are used to end class divisions. The organisation believes that the working class must instigate a revolution. Moreover, “socialists are internationalists” and Socialist Alternative dismisses patriotism and nationalism. They argue for international solidarity in the working class. Because socialism and therefore Marxism is an international struggle, the political ideology cannot be maintained in a single country. It is an international relations issue. They organisation supports the Marxist ideas of Vladimir Lenin, and his call to “turn the imperialist war between nations into a civil war between
Before the industrialization movement began, there was more of a blend between the classes, and now there is a distinct separation between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Because of the industrialization of the countries, the replacement of manual labor with the use of machinery and the division of labor, the work of the proletarian has become homogeneous. It does not contain the individuality or charm of the laborer as handmade goods do. The worker instead becomes part of the machine and is reduced to performing menial, repetitive tasks. Thus, the workman's pay rate reflects his work, and is reduced to minimum amount needed to barely sustain them. Therefore, as the skill needed to perform the job reduced, so does the amount of the wages. Also, as industrialization increases, so does drudge and toil. The worker become, in the eyes of the bourgeois in control, a part of the machine and as expendable and as easily replaced as any part of the machine. This is in the forms of prolonged work hours, amount of work done in a certain time, or by the increase of the speed of the machinery, which wears down and drains the workers.
In Marx’s opinion, the cause of poverty has always been due to the struggle between social classes, with one class keeping its power by suppressing the other classes. He claims the opposing forces of the Industrial Age are the bourgeois and the proletarians. Marx describes the bourgeois as a middle class drunk on power. The bourgeois are the controllers of industrialization, the owners of the factories that abuse their workers and strip all human dignity away from them for pennies. Industry, Marx says, has made the proletariat working class only a tool for increasing the wealth of the bourgeoisie. Because the aim of the bourgeoisie is to increase their trade and wealth, it is necessary to exploit the worker to maximize profit. This, according to Marx, is why the labor of the proletariat continued to steadily increase while the wages of the proletariat continued to steadily decrease.
The conditions described and analyzed by both thinkers are very similar and are focused on the rapid development of global trade and global economic cooperation. Marx mentions in the beginning of his “Communist Manifesto” that the “the discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie” (para13). In other words, the extension of the world market with the discovery of the lands rich with resources and new types of products allowed the rich people to widen their scale of operation and shift to the new markets in order to make more pro...
Jain, Ajit, and Alexander Matejko, eds. A Critique of Marxist and Non-Marxist Thought. New York: Praeger, 1986.
In fact, they believe that workers usually do not unite to revolt. Capitalism sets up a system of competition where people work against one another, as the rate of unemployment has increased. Thus workers discriminate against one another based on race and gender and therefore cannot form a united front. Even if workers did rebel, opponents feel that workers are not strong enough a force to overturn social structures that have been around for many centuries.
Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World demonstrates key principles of Marxist literary theory by creating a world where mass happiness is the tool used by positions of power known as the Alphas to control the masses known as the Epsilons at the cost of the people's freedom to choose. The social castes of Brave New World, Alphas, Betas, Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons, draw parallels to the castes applied in Marxist literary theory, the Aristocracy, the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat.
...Realist International Theory and the Study of World Politics.” in New Thinking in International Relations Theory. ed. Doyle, Michael w. and G. John Ikenberry (eds.) (Westview Press: 1997).
Much of Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto discusses the relationship between how a capitalist society produces its’ goods and how this affects the social structure of the society. Throughout the manifesto, Marx used the term mode of production to refer to how a given society structures its’ economic production, it also refers to how a society produces and with what capital the society produces. Human capital plays a large part in Marx’s communist manifesto, concerning himself with the relations of production, which refers to the relationship between those who own the means of production (bourgeoisie) and those who do not own the fruit of their labor (proletariat). This is where Marx believes that one can find the causes of conflict, asserting history evolves through the mode of production. The constant evolution of the mode of production toward a realization of its’ full potential productivity capacity, creates dissensions between the classes of people, which in capitalism, are defined by the modes of production (owners and workers). Marx believes that one such dissension is that since Capitalism is a mode of production based on private ownership of the means of production, and entities within a capitalistic economy produce property to be exchanged to stay competitive, these entities are forced to drive the wage level for its’ labor as low as possible so as to stay competitive. In turn, the proletariat must create means with which they can keep the interests of the bourgeoisie in check, trying to avoid being exploited to the point of extirpation. Marx holds that this example shows the inherent conflicting nature of the social infrastructure of production, which will in turn give rise to a class struggle culminating in the overthrow ...
In the Communist Manifesto we see early versions of essential Marxist concepts that Marx would elaborate with more scientific rigor in mature writings such as Das Kapital. Perhaps most important of these concepts is the theory of historical materialism, which states that historical change is driven by collective actors attempting to realize their economic aims, resulting in class struggles in which one economic and political order is replaced by another. One of the central tenets of this theory is that social relationships and political alliances form around relations of production. Relations of production depend on a given society’s mode of production, or the specific economic organization of ownership and division of labor. A person’s actions, attitudes, and outlook on society and his politics, loyalties, and sense of collective belonging all derive from his location in the relations of production. History engages people as political actors whose identities are constituted as exploiter or exploited, who form alliances with others likewise identified, and who act based on these
When you hear the name Karl Marx (1818-1883), it is tempting to wonder and question why you should be studying him, considering that he’s been dead for over a hundred years already. This German philosopher had become one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century. Marx’s ideas all come together and holds that human societies develop through class struggles, a conflict between the ruling classes (known as the bourgeoisie) that dominates over the working class (known as the proletariat). He was well known for studying the disputes that occur between different classes in society, also refer to as the ‘conflict theory.’ Through his theories of alienation, Marx argued that capitalism promoted the idea of inequality, commodification, and the exploitation of labor. The purpose of this paper is to view Marx’s concept of capitalism and alienation along with how it affects the workers.
Taylor, Christopher L. "The Balancing Act: Economic Determinism and Humanism in Marxism." Thesis. University of Waterloo, 2007. Print.
...nt the works of Marx. The result became a system where emotion triumphed over practicality, and the central message was blurred by the overthrow of the old regime. Thus, Lenin followed Marx in the general ideas of socialism, where everyone was equal under the law, and worked for each other and the common good. While Lenin’s system did manage to create a proletariat class, it also evoked the formation of the corrupt and power hungry Bolshevik Party. With regard to the Populists and Anarchists, Lenin was transformed into a revolutionary who would not stop at anything in the pursuit of Communism. Furthermore, Lenin followed to a lesser extent the Social Democrats and their views on the threat of the peasantry if they were not properly maintained. It is clearly evident that in following other philosophies, Lenin mutated Communism into a form unrecognizable to true Marxism
The Communist Manifesto written by Karl Marx explains the history of all societies as the history of class conflicts, he claims that the power and direction of all societies is determined by the modes of production, as such when the mode of production no longer suits the relations of society there is a revolution. He predicts that a revolution is coming between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, and calls its coming inevitable. Marx argues that the bourgeoisies are no longer fit to rule, nor is their rule sustainable, as such the proletariat will overthrow them and end all class antagonisms with the creation of a classless society. However, Marx does not give enough credit to nationalism, nor does he ascribe to the possibility of compromise between the classes. Due to this he predicts a class war which never, and might never, take place.
Karl Marx analyzed class relations and social conflict using materialist interpretation of historical development and eventually creating a communist class, in hope of providing everyone with the same necessities. Marx argued that the capitalist bourgeoisie mercilessly exploited the proletariat class. He realized that the performance carried out by the proletariats created considerable abundance for the capitalist. Marxism focuses on exterminating the bourgeoisie and supplying the people with balanced amounts of funds ultimately creating the proletariat class efficient for everyone.
While the conceptions of Marxism have been subsequently developed, and enriched by the historical experience of the working class itself, the main idea remains unshaken, providing a firm foundation for the Labor Movement today. Neither before, nor since the lifetime of Marx and Engels have any superior, more truthful or scientific theories been advanced to explain the movement of society and the role of the working class in that