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Limitations of effective communication
Limitations of effective communication
Limitations of effective communication
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It is obvious that the communication between the Spaniards and native was not even close to perfection, especially at first when even different tribes spoke different languages in Mexico. Even with the help of Malinche and Agular the translation couldn’t be good, as explained in the following quote “Spaniards and natives played a version of the childhood game of telephone. For one simple piece of dialogue to be achieved, Cortés spoke in Spanish to Aguilar, Aguilar translated into Yucatec Maya, which Malinche then trans¬lated into Nahuatl, before repeating the process in reverse. Even once Ma¬linche learned Spanish, how much must have been lost in the translation”(pg.85). However; the barrier of communication did not stopped them from meeting
Cortes letter had the sound of someone attempting to explain or justify their actions. This is reasonable since we know that he had disobeyed orders. He wrote, “Having passed six days, then, in the great city of Tenochtitlan, invincible Prince, and having seen something of its marvels, though little in comparison with what there was to be seen and examined, I considered it essential both from my observation of the city and the rest of the land that its ruler should be in my power and no longer entirely free; to the end that he might in nowise change his will and intent to serve your Majesty, more especially as we Spaniards are somewhat intolerable and stiff-necked, and should he get across with us he would be powerful enough to do us great damage, even to blot out all memory of us here in the land; and in the second place, could I once get him in my power all the other provinces subject to him would come more promptly to the knowledge and service of your Majesty, as indeed afterward happened” (Cortes, 1929). Cortes was explaining his reasoning, and attempting to make it appear that he did the right thing. Also, the Florentine Codex’s tone was angry and spiteful. Then again, that is understandable seeing as how they had just lost their home. The codex said, “And the Spaniards walked everywhere; they went everywhere taking to pieces the hiding places, storehouses, storage places. They took all, all that they
The Spaniards’ Entry into Tenochtitlan was written during the conquista, which is the colonisation of ,what we know, Mexico city. Everything started when Cortez arrived on the mainland in the spring of 1519. (Gilbert). Without approval from the Cuban governor Cortez’s crew, of about 450 soldiers, were moving forward to Tenochtitlan while creating relationships with Aztecs enemies such as Totonaca, they welcomed the Spaniards for an open revolt expressing their discontent with the Aztecs. Cortes was prohibited to search or to explore the rest of the inland. The governor stated to Cortez that he should “restrict his mission to fact-finding” meaning that Cortez needed to find facts before he starts to exploring, which he did not do but after three month, he reach Tenochtitlan. (Gilbert). It took, to Cortes, to arrived in Tenochtitlan three months, due to th...
In 1518 Hernán Cortés took command of an expedition to secure the interior of Mexico in the name of the Spanish Crown. In the letters he detailed his expedition and the land and peoples they conquered and encountered. The first letter, dated 1519, is a problematic document as it is written in the third person and was most likely not actually wire by cortez. The second and third letters are much more reliable and were published in Seville in 1522 and 1523 respectively. The culture, geography, economy and other details of the Aztec civilization, as well as Cortés and his forces’ interaction with them, are detailed in his letters which are addressed to the monarch of the sponsor of his force, Spain. In his letters Cortés also gave justification and explanation of the actions he took in Mexico.
...ything and everyone that were there. At times they would work with the Natives at other times they would be at war with the natives. The Spanish had been engaged with the natives longer and over time felt the best way to control them would be to convert them or put them into same locations where they could “keep an eye on them”. The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was proof that no matter what they tried, when one man, country, or society tries to oppress another, war is almost always inevitable.
Cortés went to Tenochtitlan in mid-August 1519, along with 600 soldiers, 15 horsemen, 15 cannons, and hundreds of indigenous carriers and warriors. On the way to Tenochtitlan, Cortés made alliances with indigenous peoples such as the Totonacs of Cempoala and the Nahuas of Tlaxcala. The Otomis initially, and then the Tlaxcalans fought the Spanish a series of three battles from 2 Sept. to 5 Sept. 1519, After Cortés continued to release prisoners with messages of peace, Xicotencatl the Elder, and Maxixcatzin, persuaded the Tlaxcalan warleader, Xicotencatl the Younger, that it would be better to ally with the newcomers than to kill them. On November 8, 1519, they were peacefully received by Moctezuma
Both of them had to keep their societies together so in order to do so, laws, religion, and even just making the community aware was something always being done. Natives although did turn to their tribes for help, opinions, and even beliefs. Meanwhile, the Spanish worked more individually for themselves, and wasn’t exactly trying to be as diversified as the Natives were.
At first, it seemed like the Spanish had total control of the city, but trouble soon broke out. In May 1520, Cortes briefly left the city. Ignorantly, his men, for some odd reason, attacked the Aztec. "Those Idiots!" I bet Cortes would have exclaimed as he came back to find his men being besieged in Moctezuma's palace. Cortes, being quite the intelligent thinker, thought that calming them would be the best way out of the situation.
The Spanish began their movement to Southwest America in the late sixteenth century. From that point on, their influence both on the Native Americans and the environment was extraordinaire. The goal of the Spaniards with regards to the Native Americans was to transform them “into tax-paying Christians.” This is in contrast to the idea that their goal was to eradicate the Indians form the Americas. Consequently, the Spaniards took many Indians so that they may plant their religion in the Natives and to use them as cheap labor. This led many Indians to learn the customs and language of the Spaniards so they could to be able to thrive in the Spanish culture. Thus, some Natives acquired Spanish, which was the main source of their Hispanicization; this was the notion of Indians becoming encompassed by the Spanish society. Furthermore, Indians gradually learned skills, obtained land, and sometimes found Hispanic spouses, thus furthering their Hispanicization. They now began to live in a Spanish manner and blend into the bottom of the Spanish societal ladder. This “acculturation” of the Native Americans was in contrast to the models of early English colonization. Spanish goals and plans sought to involve the Indians so that they may live in their society even if at the lower end of it’s ladder. English colonies viewed the Natives as savages and looked to them for slave labor or to rape their women. They did not plan to take the Indians into their society as the Spaniards did so throughout this era.
Cortés came not to the New World to conquer by force, but by manipulation. Bernal Díaz del Castillo, in the "Conquest of New Spain," describes how Cortés and his soldiers manipulated the Aztec people and their king Montezuma from the time they traveled from Iztapalaopa to the time when Montezuma took Cortés to the top of the great Cue and showed him the whole of Mexico and its countryside, and the three causeways which led into Mexico. Castillo's purpose for recording the mission was to keep an account of the wealth of Montezuma and Mexico, the traditions, and the economic potential that could benefit Cortés' upcoming conquest. However, through these recordings, we are able to see and understand Cortés' strategy in making Mexico "New Spain." He came as a wolf in a sheep's clothing and manipulated Montezuma through his apparent innocence.
Cabeza also survived because of his respect for the Native Americans. Cabeza de Vaca befriended his captors and served as a trader among the Indian bands. To better communicate with them, “Cabeza learned four Indian languages, including Charuccos, plus sign language.”
Toward the end of the legislative session, fear rises as bills line up at the Texas governor’s desk. With the governor’s power of vetoes, it seems that lawmakers in Texas are losing their power. In Texas, the governor, Greg Abbott has the power to veto any bill that is present to him with no limit. During the recent session, 6,968 bills were sent to the governor’s desk for approval. Abbott will not make a decision until the legislative period is over to avoid challenges and to make his decision permanent. During these last few weeks of the legislative period, the governor holds a tremendous power over the lawmakers. Lawmakers are inclined to “curry favors” with the governor in order to get their bills passed. Greg Abbott, for example, has
De Beauvoir explains, that individuals are able to obtain their own personal freedom using two separate factors. In regards to the first factor, De Beauvoir explains, “The individual must at last assume his subjectivity.” (De Beauvoir 16) What I believe De Beauvoir to be saying here is that individuals must be able to see themselves as an independent aspect of their world, something distinct from the other people as well as other things. This explains, in other words, that an individual must see himself or herself as a being, which holds their own personal agency. This individual must also recognize this idea, that they are their own individuals being in themselves.
“Where justice is denied, where poverty is enforced, where ignorance prevails, and where any one class is made to feel that society is an organized conspiracy to oppress, rob and degrade them, neither persons nor property will be safe”( Douglass). This famous quote epitomizes the philosophies of Frederick Douglass, in which he wanted everyone to be treated with dignity; if everyone was not treated with equality, no one person or property would be safe harm. His experience as a house slave, field slave and ship builder gave him the knowledge to develop into a persuasive speaker and abolitionist. In his narrative, he makes key arguments to white abolitionist and Christians on why slavery should be abolished. The key arguments that Frederick Douglass tries to vindicate are that slavery denies slaves of their identity, slavery is also detrimental for the slave owner, and slavery is ungodly.
In Contested Visions, Competing Memories of the Conquest of Mexico, Kevin Terraciano explores the recording through art and writing by both the native Indians of the Mexica and the Spaniards on their meetings. Terraciano examines the parallels of the two cultures recording as well as the inconsistencies between the two. When the Spaniards arrived to the Island of Hispaniola a trigger was set off for writers and artists to tell about the meeting and development of the coming together of the two cultures. It’s actually an amazing thing because it allows us a point of view from both sides. As it is often said, there’s one person’s side of the story, there’s another person’s side of the story, and then the truth lies in between the two. That is exactly what one must do here. It is up to one’s self to take what information is available for both sides of the Spanish and the Natives using logic and evidence you can find and decide what you believe the truth to be from all the gathered information.
During this period people excluded roles of native allies and black Africans in recording the conquest. In 1760 an Italian man Friar Ilarione Da Bergamo doesn't mention Africans and contributes the Spanish victory to "superior weaponry , handicapping superstitions of the 'wretched Indians' and the interventions of the providence" (45). They had a war similar to the one in the movie in which they were outnumbered. "The Incans were charging us in such a number that only by miracle of swordplay were we able to drive them back and reform our ranks." (45) Because Europeans were ranked higher than Indians/ blacks they were barely mentioned. We only see a few rare times that they were. For instance, Alvarado mentions native allies once to his letters to Cortes during his invasion of highland Gaugamela in 1524. He says that he wrote two letters to Cortes. "The first making no reference to the native allies, the second mentioning just once, in parentheses, that his force compromised 250 Spaniards "and about five or six thousand friendly Indians". " Cortes basically claimed the support from the natives were a result of his own devised