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Malaria prevention and control 6230.2
The problem of battling malaria
The problem of battling malaria
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Malaria is one of the major problems Ghanaians are facing today. It’s one of the number one causes of death in Ghana. Malaria is a disease caused by a protozoan parasite that invades the red blood cells. The parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes which are mostly found around tropical and subtropical areas. The main causes of malaria in Ghana are poor drainage systems, poor plannings of buildings in town and cities, improper disposal of garbage, and lack of law enforcement agencies. In urban areas in Ghana such as Accra and Kumasi where the population is over nine hundred and fifty thousand people. Drainage systems are handled poorly due to the government not building big gutters for water to flow in swiftly when it rains. This results in …show more content…
Most buildings are not properly arranged leaving only little spaces in between buildings.Buildings are built in water ways so when it rains the water chokes around buildings allowing mosquitoes in that zone. The government are corrupt and take bribes from people so lands which are not suppose to be even sold are sold and people build stores, houses and some companies buy it to build dams on it. There is no environmental issue wrong with this until it rains heavily and then water begins to get stuck around those buildings due to the buildings being in water ways. People who live around those areas suffer from this due to mosquitoes coming into those and settling in those areas. Malaria then begins getting spread by those who live around those areas. In Volata reasons one of the largest dam has being built and its causing malaria problems for the people who live around that area. Accoring to Acosombo Dam- Ghana’s nightmare(2016) “Tens of thousands of children in Ghana have been killed by malaria, schistosomiasis and other water born diseases brought by the dam and the water stagnation it 's caused since it 's completion. This has been a silent plague largely hidden from the developed world. Millions of others in Ghana have also been infected with many killed by the dam and it 's …show more content…
People just throw away food rappers, empty cans, plastic bags, etc any where without even acknowledging what its going to cause in the future. The streets and gutters are filled with dirts, and garbages inviting mosquitoes around those places since there are barely trash bins around. The people just pick randomly pick specific areas to drop their garbage at without even thinking about a neighbor who lives around that place. The garbages keeps piling up and it takes over a month for the garbage truck to come pick it up and sometimes they just don’t show up and people living in those areas suffer the most from this. When you visit the place you would be shock to see areas people are living in. People are getting sick in those areas especially kids due to malaria and people are also contracting it due to lack of personal hygine. Most people can’t get back on their feet after contracting malaria due to them not having enough money to afford for their medications. According to Ghana Solid Waste Problem’s: The contributing factors and the way forward (2014) “ Solid waste management has over the years been an albatross around the neck of city authorities in Ghana. Particularly in Accra and Kumasi, where over 4,000tons of solid waste is generated daily, waste management departments still grapple with the collection of this huge amount of solid waste. Undoubtedly, the capacity of authorities has been
Like much of colonial Africa, conditions in Swaziland were perfect for malaria epidemic for several reasons. While heavy rainfall produced ideal breeding grounds for the Anopheles gambiae mosquito, drought, famine, population migration and colonial policy played key roles, as well. The subordination of Swazi economic interests left them vulnerable to disaster due to drastic climate change, which in turn made them more susceptible to malaria epidemic. The British colonial views of such a disaster affect immediate and future disease response, as was evident following the malaria epidemic of 1932 in Swaziland.
Onwujekwe , Chima, and Okonkwo (2000) showed that the average expenditure of each household per month on malaria treatment was $1.84, which accounted for 49.87% of curative health care costs incurred by the households. In a similar study, Russell (2004) found that direct malaria cost burden was 2.9% of household income per month. Studies in Africa also showed that indirect cost based on travel time, lost labour time for adults with malaria attack or those who have to stay off work to care for children among others, make up more than 75% of total household malaria costs. Malaria tends to reduce education funds capability and has effects on school attendance (Malaney, Spielman, & Sachs,
Malaria is a common infectious disease found mainly in the tropics but in rare circumstances can be found in temperate areas. Depending on the circumstances malaria can be either life threatening cause serious illness.
Malaria kills more people than any communicable disease except for tuberculosis. It is caused by four species of parasitic protozoa that infect human red blood cells. Four different types of these protozoa are known: protozoa falciparum, protozoa vivax, protozoa ovale, and protozoa malariae. Protozoa falciparum is the most lethal of the four and accounts for the majority of infections. Malaria parasites are not able to survive unless they have both a mosquito and human host, however the disease cannot be hosted by any kind of mosquito, only those of the genus "anopheles".
In likeness to Aids, the malaria virus can be in your body for up to
Malaria is a disease that is caused by parasites. It is transferred from one person to another by the infected female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria has been a serious health problem nowadays. WHO has provided the information that approximately 660,000 people died from malaria globally during 2010. Also, after estimating, there are 219 million cases of malaria infection in 2010 worldwide. In sub-Saharan Africa, being one the country that has the high rate of HIV, AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis, had 90% of the people that...
A majority of Anopheles mosquito females deliver their bites between the hours of 9pm to 5am as they are nocturnal, which means that they are active at night time. Therefore, most human hosts are infected while they are sleeping. In order to determine the intensity of the transmission several factors have to be accounted for. These factors include things such as the environment, the type of plasmodium parasite, the state of the human host, and the mosquito itself. Rural settings that lack necessary sanitation and water systems have malaria in more abundance. These places mainly use ponds and streams to meet their water necessities. Unfortunately, still bodies of water are ideal grounds for breeding for mosquito larvae. Therefore, malaria transmission is ideal in underdeveloped regions. Two critically important conditions that are vital to the life cycle of both the malaria parasite and the mosquito itself is temperature and the climate. It has been shown that the time it takes for the plasmodium parasite to develop, in the gut of the mosquito, decreases from ten to eight days as the temperature increase from 21oC and 27o
The most common sites of malaria-carrying mosquitoes is in tropical and subtropical areas with warm climates. Also, there must be a source of water, such as a lake, ocean, or stream, because this is where the mosquitoes breed. While Africa is the site of most malaria cases, there are a few other countries that account for some of the malaria cases. In fact, in 1990, seventy-five percent of all recorded malaria cases outside Africa were condensed in nine countries, which were India, Brazil, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia, and China. There was once a small malaria epidemic in the United States. It occurred mainly in Army families. This was because U.S. troops in other countries were not on the proper medication, contracted the disease, and brought it back to the United States.
This waste should not be pressured upon a geographical area if they do not create it. A clean and healthy environment is the only thing many lesser-developed countries have to cherish.
...ffects on human health. These have high negative effects on low income areas, as a result of pollution, visual, oral and air, as well as high levels of overcrowding. The World Health Organisation predicts that in the next 30years most of the world’s population growth will occur in cities and towns of poor countries. This rapid, unplanned and unsustainable pattern of urbanisation, is creating cities into focal points for environmental and health hazards (World Medical Association, 2010).
Traditional methods of waste disposal have proven to be ineffective and have caused harmful effects on the environment. The most popular and inexpensive way to get rid of garbage is burial, but burying your problems does not necessarily mean getting rid of them. Landfill sites pose as severe ecological threats as these mass garbage dump yards overflow with trash and frequently contaminate our air, soil and water with hazardous wastes. About 400 million tons of hazardous wastes are generated each year1. A large-scale release of these materials can cause thousands of deaths and may poison the environment for many years. For example many industrial companies around the world cannot afford to enforce the strict pollution regulations set by many developed countries. This usually forces these types of companies to move to developing countries where pollution regulations are very lenient. These developing countries knowingly accept environmentally hazardous companies usually because they are in desperate need of employment. The harmful effects of these companies were clearly illustrated in the 1960s and 1970s when residents living near Minamata Bay, Japan, developed nervous disorders, tremors, and paralysis in a mysterious epidemic. The root was later found to be a local industry that had released mercury, a highly toxic element, into Minamata Bay. The disaster had claimed the lives of 400 people1. Since 1970 you can bet that a lot more than 400 people have died as a result of waste disposal. If the type of waste disposal were cheaper and effective we wouldn’t have to deal with waste problems, which still plague mankind today.
The United States produces “about 8.25 billion tons of solid wastes each year” (Russell 1). People do not realize the impact they have on our planet and environment. When people throw anything in the trashcan, they are contributing to the destruction of our planet. The number landfills in the United States are decreasing, but the amount and volume of waste being thrown into the new landfills is increasing (Russell 4). Because of this escalating amount of garbage, Methane which contributes to global warming is an outcome of these landfills (Russell 7). As a result, our planet is suffering because of this epidemic. The garbage being put in the landfills could be recycled, but not enough businesses, ...
Efficient waste managing approaches help with reducing and avoiding unpleasant impact on the environment and human health, while allowing financial development and progress in the quality of people’s life. People do not even imagine what is the size and capacity of their activities and the impact they produce on the environment. Garbage is an important ecological problem. It is seems amazing that approximately all of the citizens of the world identify rubbish as a major environmental problem and yet these people still litter. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (2008), an American produces 250 million tons of garbage per year (para.2). There are different circumstances that are based on the society, environmental conditions, occupation and size of each of the different family. As Richmond (2010) stated, if no administration organizations has the responsibility or resources to concentrate their efforts on the waste disposal, then the responsibility to do that is on ...
Solid waste can be classified in different types, depending on their source, household waste is generally classified as municipal waste; industrial waste as hazardous waste or hospital waste as infections waste. It quite obvious that South Africa environment is deteriorated by the illegal dumping area that around here. Solid waste is a major problem this country is facing at the moment. The province that is experience this major problem is Gauteng province, this an urban area am taking about, and since it’s clear that over population is the cause of the problem. Gauteng province is an over populated than rural area .solid waste pollution is refuse or garbage that people use in their everyday life in their house, such as plastic
America and Europe are at the top of the list for most waste generated according to Waste (4). This is very visible because there’s litter on every street in the towns and cities, as well in lakes, beaches, and rivers. The book Waste by Rob Bowden states that the amount of waste produced is increasing at a rate faster than population growth. About 1.5 million computers, in the U.K, are thrown away each year and most end up in landfills. There are 3 types of waste which are Municipal Solid Waste, Industrial Waste, and Hazardous waste. MSW includes waste from public garbage cans and local dumpsters. Industrial Waste includes massive amounts of waste water that is contaminated with chemicals. Hazardous waste is the most dangerous as it presents a danger to human health and the environment. Solutions for waste disposal take time because people need to consider their lifestyle and limit the amount of waste they generate. A good start is to recycle items such as paper, cans, plastic, and clothes. This way they don’t end up in landfills, beaches, or streets. Another solution is to join organizations that go around places to recycle, or organizations that demand the reduction in the amount of products that are being