Major veins and arteries are located in similar positions deep below skin and muscle tissue, make blood color and rate of bleeding important identifying factors. A few notable arteries and veins are located above the heart and into the neck, with the carotid arteries that pump blood into the brain and the jugular veins that drain blood back to the heart. Several large arteries and veins also flow through the extremities, specifically in the upper arm with brachial arteries and veins and in the upper leg with the femoral artery and vein. These are all connected to large major vessels within the trunk, made up of the upper chest and the upper and lower abdomen. These large vessels connect to those in the extremities and head, as well as circulating through internal organs, and because of this these structures are not only susceptible to external bleeding but internal bleeding as well (786, 811). Internal bleeding is another type of hemorrhage that can occur with hypovolemic shock, and is caused by damage from blunt force brings damage to internal organs or causes blood vessels within the body to rupture, causing blood to escape into the body cavity. Injuries with traumatic force can occur when a victim is in a motor vehicle crash, where force from hitting the steering wheel can cause blunt force to the chest or abdomen or break bones within the body that can damage internal structures. Internal bleeding can also result from an open wound, commonly with penetrative wounds such as with a gunshot or knife stabbing (Red Cross 161). Other notable causes of internal bleeding may be caused by vascular disorders, as with aneurysms (Kolecki “Causes”), that occur when high blood pressure causes arterial wall to weaken and balloon, and possi...
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... possible further blood loss, and to restore body to proper volume of fluids (Kolecki “Emergency Department Care”).
They first stabilize the airway, often putting victim on “high-flow supplemental oxygen” and “ventilator support” when needed. They will then add in an intravenous line, focusing on the central veins located within the arm, however when fluids to these lines are not effective they may also place an Arterial line, especially with severe blood loss. Fluid lines will contain a “lactated Ringer solution” or a normal saline solution, which will help maximize circulation in the body and increase not only capillary exchange but can help stabilize blood volume. If fluid intake is not effective, the emergency department will take steps with blood transfusion or by elevating the patient’s legs to promote blood flowing to the heart and brain (Kolecki, “E.D.C.”).
Each system, as noted early, contributes to reversing cause of shock in this phase. The first of this will be seen when cause of shock is from hemorrhage and significant blood loss from the body, and all components of the hematologic system, or from blood, has its own function as a response (Kolecki “Pathophysiology”). The body’s process of quickly locating and slowing down bleeding within the body is called hemostasis. As soon as a blood vessel is broken, both the liquid and solid components within the blood effect how the body responds (Tortura 703).
results in the need for more blood. Since more blood is needed to fill the
Another projection mechanism is what is called Arterial spray, this is one of the more serious mechanisms, although all are serious, but this type indicates that a major artery has been detached. The continuous pumping of the heart gushes blood form the severed artery. The patterns are more inconsistent here, because each time the heart pumps it will leave an entirely new blood stain
Pulmonary arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs where the blood picks up oxygen. The oxygen rich blood is then returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins. Systemic arteries deliver blood to the rest of the body. The aorta is the main systemic artery and the largest artery of the body. It originates from the heart and branches out into smaller arteries which supply blood to the head region brachiocephalic artery, the heart itself coronary arteries, and the lower regions of the body.
The Structure and Functions of the Arteries Arteries are blood vessels that convey blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. The arteries expand and then constrict with each beat of the heart, a rhythmic movement that may be felt as the pulse. Arteries are usually named from the part of the body that they are found, for example; brachial artery found in the arms, metacarpal artery found in the wrist; or from the organ which they supply as the hepatic artery supplies the liver, pulmonary artery brings deoxygenated blood the lungs. The facial artery is the branch of the external carotid artery that passes up over the lower jaw and supplies the superficial portion of the face; the haemorrhoidal arteries are three vessels that supply the lower end of the rectum; the intercostal arteries are the arteries that supply the space between the ribs; the lingual artery is the branch of the external carotid artery that supplies the tongue. The structure of the artery enables it to perform its function more efficiently.
The arteries that take the blood to the head are found in something called aortic arch. After the blood goes through the arch, it’s distributed to the rest of the body. From the aorta, blood is sent to other arteries, where it gives oxygen to every cell.
patient is in terrible agony, and since he is going to die anyway, it would
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), is a blood clot that forms in a deep vein inside the body. DVT can occur when the blood thickens, because the thickening of the blood can cause a clot to form. DVT will generally occur within the lower leg or thigh, as well as other parts of the body. A clot that occurs in a deep vein can possibly break off from the original vein. When it breaks off it can travel throughout the body’s bloodstream. It is called an embolus when the clot breaks off. The clots that broke off throughout the thighs, are more likely to cause Pulmonary Embolism, rather than the other blood clots within the remainder of the body. Pulmonary Embolism is a serious condition which can be caused by blood clots. It can damage your organs, more likely to be the lungs, and cause death of an individual.
The most important elements of the guidelines are organized into two “bundles” of care (Angus, 2013). The first “bundle” is for within the first 3 hours sepsis is suspected. The first thing you would do is measure the lactate level. The second thing is obtaining blood cultures prior to administration of prescribed antibiotics. You administer broad spectrum antibiotics in patients with septic shock. The risk of dying increases by approximately 10% for every hour of delay in receiving antibiotics. The last thing you would do for the 3 hr “bundle” is fluid resuscitation: administer 30 mL/kg crystalloid for hypotension or lactate ≥ 4mmol/L (Subtle Signs of Sepsis, 2017). The second “bundle” is for within the first 6 hours sepsis is suspected. The nurse would do the same protocol for suspected sepsis within 3 hours and continue for more advanced treatment. The next thing you would do is administer vasopressors (for hypotension that does not respond to initial fluid resuscitation) to maintain a MAP ≥ 65 mmHg. For persistent arterial hypotension despite volume resuscitation (septic shock) or initial lactate ≥ 4 mmol/L (36 mg/dL), reassess volume status and tissue perfusion and document findings. After initial fluid resuscitation, repeat focused exam, including pulse, capillary refills, vital signs, cardiopulmonary assessment, and skin (Subtle Signs of Sepsis,
...f the clamps on the tubing to allow the IV solution to run freely. Slowly, decrease the flow of the solution to the appropriate rate as ordered by the physician. Using a small gauze pad, wipe away any excess blood or fluid on the surface of the skin. Then, using the pre-torn pieces of tape, secure the catheter hub and the IV tubing to the patient’s skin. Take extra caution not to kink the tubing. Once everything is secured, recheck the IV solution’s flow and then attend to the rest of your patients needs.
The arteries supply blood rich in oxygen to the body, the veins direct deoxygenated blood from the capillaries back to the heart. These roles make up the circulatory function. Blood flow through these blood vessels can be disrupted resulting in peripheral vascular diseases. These diseases occur as a result of narrowing or blocking of the blood vessels. The risk factors of peripheral vascular diseases include diabetes, smoking, high level of cholesterol, overweight, high blood pressure etc. these risk factors result to aneurysms, Raynaud’s diseases, Buerger’s disease, renal artery disease etc. With this diseases, the peripheral vascular system should be assessed to enable nurses and other health personnel make good
Transfusions of red blood cells, platelets, and plasma are critical to a patient's return to good health,
..., and initiate administration of mannitol for further control. Rapidly stabilize vital signs, and simultaneously acquire an emergent computed tomography (CT) scan.”
1. Nasogastric (NG): The most common route used in intensive care. Here a feeding tube