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Equality of opportunity in education
The importance of higher education
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Higher education is education acquired after one has completed courses in institutions offering secondary education like high schools, and it is acquired in universities and institutions of technical training. Normally, completion of courses in higher learning leads to award of a degree or professional certifications. In the international convention on human rights, access to higher education has been enlisted as a right and many nations have been urged to ensure it is treated as such. Indeed, many nations have attempted making it available to all though they have not fully succeeded. Depending on individual nations, there are various criteria for selecting those to join institutions of higher learning. Some of the students joining institutions of higher learning are the bright students from poor families who passed in their high school education and their respective governments offers to support them. Another group of students are sponsored to go for higher education. In other nations they are called parallel students while in others they are called self-sponsored students. This group normally the students’ fee is paid either by their parents, guardians, non-governmental institutions or well-wishers. Although there are still a lot of challenges with access to higher education, many nations practice the quota system so that in the number of students from every administrative who are government sponsored to go for higher education for their future.
Education can bring about equality prompting others to term it the universal equalizer, and may be thought that since academic prowess depends on the intellect of the individual, it is unlikely that external factors will affect his performance, which on the other hand will determine the...
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...ide Reforms. Washington DC: World Bank, 1998. Print.
Law, Ian Debora Phillips and Turney Laura. eds. Institutional Racism in Higher Education. New York: Trentham Books, 2004. Print.
Lazin, Fred, N. Jayaram and Matt Evans. Higher Education and Equality of Opportunity: Cross-National Perspectives. Virginia: Lexington Books, 2012. Print.
Pinheiro, Romulo, Paul Benneworth and Allan Glen Jone. Universities and Regional Development: A Critical Assessment of Tensions and Contradictions. England: Routledge, 2012. Print.
Topping, Keith J. "The Effectiveness of Peer Tutoring in Further and Higher Education: A Typology and Review of the Literature." Higher Education 32.3 (2005): 321-345. Web. 28 Nov.2013
Ward, Nadia L. "Improving Equity and Access for Low Income and Minority Youth into Institutions of Higher Education." Urban Education 41.1 (2006): 50-70. Web. 17 Dec.2013
The right and privilege to higher education in today’s society teeters like the scales of justice. In reading Andrew Delbanco’s, “College: What It Was, Is, and Should Be, it is apparent that Delbanco believes that the main role of college is to accommodate that needs of all students in providing opportunities to discover individual passions and dreams while furthering and enhancing the economic strength of the nation. Additionally, Delbanco also views college as more than just a time to prepare for a job in the future but a way in which students and young adults can prepare for their future lives so they are meaningful and purposeful. Even more important is the role that college will play in helping and guiding students to learn how to accept alternate point of views and the importance that differing views play in a democratic society. With that said, the issue is not the importance that higher education plays in society, but exactly who should pay the costly price tag of higher education is a raging debate in all social classes, cultures, socioeconomic groups and races.
Although community colleges struggle with low retention and transfer rates, Everett (2015) mentioned that community colleges created opportunities for first-generation students through five divisions of admission (p. 52). The intention of this article was to address the five divisions of access provided by community colleges for first-generation college students which include: financial accessibility, geographic accessibility, programmatic accessibility, academic accessibility, cultural/social/physical accessibility and also the problems faced by these students after admission.
In public schools, students are subjected to acts of institutional racism that may change how they interact with other students. In the short story “Drinking Coffee Elsewhere” by Packer, readers are allowed to view firsthand how institutionalized racism affects Dina, who is the main character in the story. Packer states “As a person of color, you shouldn’t have to fit in any white, patriarchal system” (Drinking Coffee Elsewhere 117). The article “Disguised Racism in Public Schools” by Brodbelt states “first, the attitudes of teachers toward minority group pupils” (Brodbelt 699). Like the ideas in the article “Disguised Racism in Public Schools” Dina encounters institutionalized oppression on orientation day at Yale.
A key to ending the cycle of poverty, is educational equity. In America today, public education is unequal racially and socioeconomically (Honda 11). Internationally, America is not excelling academically. When looking closely at American student’s Program for
The language is easy to follow, as the targeted audience is the students. This source is useful because it explores the idea of institutional racism in a simple manner. Using this article, the explanation of institutional racism can be used as the framework for the introduction of the argument. Due to the straightforwardness of the paper, this certainly helped give a better understanding of how to fully analyze the idea of institutional racism present in the current educational system. Notes: 6 Journals, 1 Single Author Book, 1 Edited Volume.
Ideally, the education system in the United States aims to serve as the great equalizer in the constant struggle to counter decades and centuries of historical oppression against those of non-European descent. The ideology of education as a great equalizer purports a pedagogy as a starting point for those oppressed and separated by such forces as race and class to have access to a quality education, and hence an equal chance at all the US has to offer. It attempts to bring children from disparate realms in a place that serves them all equitably. This ideal constantly challenges the broader values of equality, liberty and democracy considered to be at the core of American ideology. In interpreting this conception, two questions are indirectly answered by examining our educational practices: Does equality in education simply foresee that all students are treated the same, despite their different needs? Or, does it intend to challenge and rectify past inequalities for a truly equitable educational system?
Randall, Vernellia. “What is Institutional Racism?” Dying While Black. 9 Jan. 2008. Web. 16 Nov 2013.
Reed, Rodney J. (1983) Affirmative Action in Higher Education: Is It Necessary? The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 52, No. 3, Persistent and Emergent Legal Issues in Education: 1983 Yearbook, 332-349.
The critical challenge within in today’s society is that college tuition should be free or if not free, more affordable for all students. Certainly, higher education should not be considered a luxury where only the wealthy could afford, but an opportunity for all caste systems. It must be an accessible and affordable opportunity for all students in order for them to invest in their education. Higher education is important because it provides more careers to choose from than the careers offered without having a college degree. Ultimately, the issue here is whether it is right to make college tuition more affordable for the students.
Randall, Vernellia R. "Institutional Racism in American Society." Race, Racism, and the Law 2000: n. pag. Web. 27 Nov. 2014.
Mickelson, R. A. & Smith, S.S. (2004). Can education eliminate race, class, and gender inequality? In M.L Andersen & P.H. Collins (Eds.), Race, class, and gender: An Anthology (pp. 407-415). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Sabbagh, Daniel. "The Rise Of Indirect Affirmative Action: Converging Strategies For Promoting “Diversity” In Selective Institutions Of Higher Education In The United States And France." World Politics 63.3 (2011): 470-508. Academic Search Premier. Web. 1 May 2014.
In the literature on educational equality of opportunity, the debate is often between egalitarian theories and adequacy theories. Egalitarian theories focus on distribution and allocation of resources, primarily money, and egalitarian theorists differ on how exactly resources ought to be distributed. Justice, for the egalitarian theorist, involves an equal distribution of resources for all parties. Adequacy theories focus on more than simply money to achieve a standard, and justice according to adequacy theories involves meeting some minimum level of opportunity that anyone can meet. The upshot of adequacy theories is that they account for issues of education as they contribute to educational outcomes – e.g. how class and gender relate to issues of segregation within classrooms: segregation is assumed to be bad for education, diversity, preparation for working in a diverse world, and so on (according to this sort of view, there is instrumental and intrinsic value to obtaining a diverse education). Some philosophers have been hesitant to draw a line between adequacy and equality. Debra Satz (2008) has argued that her conception of adequacy is deeply rooted in a concern for equality and that the distinction between the two is “overdrawn,” and some philosophers such as Kenneth Strike (2008) make use of both an adequacy threshold as well equality considerations. In this paper, I hope to draw a meaningful distinction between the adequacy and egalitarian approaches by showing that these approaches are supported by distinct normative arguments.
Education is an infinite learning process that plays a vital role in modern society. Even now, without a higher education one cannot even get a simple occupation such as a sales clerk, carpenter, or custodian. From writing checks, filing taxes, driving a car, to budgeting groceries, all involve the pre- knowledge and basics of reading, writing, and calculating. Higher education is very important to the success of a person’s career goal. To avail all benefits and acquire a proficient education, one has to take the learning process as a solemn one.
Free education allows everyone to study but with low intensity or levels of education. For example, governments with low incomes would not have enough money to employ professional teachers or provide students with all the technological equipment necessary in their studies; it is too expensive. In addition, with free education, the number of students will be impressive. It is important to emphasize that education is not the only responsibility that governments have. They also economically support other public institutions. According to OECD (2008), the major challenge for countries is to secure sufficient funding levels to enable tertiary education institutions to meet the growing expectations of society and respond to the growing demand by students. However, education without cost allows people the same rights and opportunities necessary to the development of an educated society with moral and ethical