(ii) Produce bar chart(s) for (a) live born singleton and (b) live born multiple babies according to frequency of babies at each birth weight category that allows an easy comparison between the live born singletons and live born multiple births. (4 marks)
a).
b).
(iii) for babies of singletons, plot a bar chart showing the frequency of birth weight categories for both live born and still born births. Comment on the distribution and comparison of singleton live birth weights to singleton still births. Suggest reasons why still birth weights might be different. (4 marks)
From the graph, the live born singletons surpasse the still born singletons by a large margin. This shows that there is high chances of live born in all categories when the birth is singleton. The success is even more pronounced when the baby weights between 2500-4000 grams.
Still born weights may be different because they are measured for every 1000 deliveries recorded.
iv)Taking the middle value for each birth weight category calculate the mean birth weight and standard deviation, across all singleton live babies. For the category of "999g and under" use 750g as the "middle value" for this category. For the category "5000 or over" use 5250 as the middle value. Calculate the mean birth weight and standard deviation for multiple live babies. Explain the method you used giving formulae. (5 marks)
This method is used since it is the most appropriate for calculating the mean and the standard deviation of a grouped data.
Mean= x.f /n = 46690.36 (singletons) 748 (multiple babies)
Where x is the middle value
F is the frequency
N is the total
SD=√ ∑ (middle value-mean)2 f
= 66395 (singletons) ...
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...38) in study groups was additional weak point that may have debased the assumption of similarity of samples, since ignorance of hygienic habits considered major risk factor to be investigated, in this study. The research findings support the hypothesis that therapeutic objectives could be improved, mainly in primary prevention of pneumonia risk factors.
An analysis being intent-to-treat is basically an initial interventional results assignment and not on the intervention ultimately received. This analysis is aimed to avoid a variety of deceptive artifacts that can take place in intervention research. It is broadly utilized in published clinical trials. It offers unbiased comparisons among the intervention groups and also gives information regarding the potential consequences of intervention policy rather than on the possible consequences of particular treatment.
The very low birth weight are newborns that weigh less than 3.3 pounds (1,500 grams). Unfortunately, newborns that are under 3.3 pounds (1,500 grams) do not often survive, and the ones that do have delayed motor skills and cognitive development. The numbers decrease further to extremely low birth weight of 2.2 pounds (1,000 grams), where chance of life is very small. Low birth weight babies 1,500 grams – 2,500 grams (3.3 -5.5 pounds) have a good chance they will survive with proper care. Newborns that are small-for-date are placed in incubators that are sealed beds where temperature and air quality is regulated. The beds isolate the infants from pathogens and the environment. The babies need sensory stimulation to grow, so a recorded tape is played of the mothers soothing voice. Visual stimulation from video, and tactile stimulation helps foster physical and cognitive development in the baby. At five months while the fetus is in the womb ithas sensory capabilities, and can hear the mother’s heart beating, food digestion, speaking, and others speaking to her! The incubator stimulates this environment. There is great success with proper attention and care to the low birth weight babies, and. Many of the low birth weight babies are effects of parents that live in poverty, unable to access adequate medical care, and they experience stress due to an unhealthy family life.
This systematic review conducted by Takeda A, Taylor SJC, Taylor RS, Khan F, Krum H, Underwood M, (2012) sourced twenty-five trials, and the overall number of people of the collective trials included was 5,942. Interventions were classified and assessed using the following headings.-
Asfour, V, and S Bewley. 2011. Cord clamping practice could affect the ratio of placental weight to birth weight and perinatal outcomes. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 118 (12): 1539–40. Retrieved November 8, 2014
The first thing that was decided upon was to find the Mean, Median, and Mode. Using a calculator they were able to obtain the exact numbers.
...will fall within the first standard deviation, 95% within the first two standard deviations, and 99.7% will fall within the first three standard deviations of the mean. The Empirical Rule is used in statistics for showing final outcomes. After a standard deviation is found, and before exact data can be collected, this rule can be used as an estimate to the outcome of the new data. This probability can be used for gathering data that may be time consuming, or even impossible to found. When the mean equals the median and the values cluster around the mean and median, producing a bell-shaped distribution, then we can use the empirical rule to examine the variability. In this bell-shaped data set, we can calculate the mean and the standard deviation. The mean means the average value of the set of data. The standard deviation means the average scatter around the mean.
West, S. L., & O'Neal, K. K. (2004). Project D.A.R.E. outcome effectiveness revisited. American Journal of Public Health. doi:10.2105/AJPH.94.6.1027
Every day, 370,000 babies are born into this world- each having the potential to live a prosperous and productive life. Unfortunately, some of these tiny, fragile humans do not live until their first birthday. The death of infants within the first year of life is known as infant mortality. There are many contributing factors as to why infant mortality may be high or low in a specific area. In order to measure the amount of deaths that occur in a particular region, the number of newborns that die before the age of one year old per 1,000 live births are recorded and is known as the infant mortality rate in that society. Generally, the infant mortality rate of a country directly reflects on the health-care system provided. Unfortunately, in today’s world, a child dies every four seconds.
Hickey, C. A., McNeal, S. F., Menefee, L., & Ivey, S. (1997 October). Prenatal Weight Gain Within Upper and Lower Recommended Ranges: Effect on Birth weight of Black and White Infants. Obstetrician and Gynecology, 90(4).
"Fetal Development: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. Web. 06 Mar. 2011. .
O'Brien, D. (2009). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs). In R. Mullner (Ed.), Encyclopedia of health services research. (pp. 1017-1021). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: http://dx.doi.org.proxy1.ncu.edu/10.4135/9781412971942
opposed to a 8.8 in 100,000 chance of dying from giving birth to a child. This same study proved
Ovaries are surgically removed, fertilized and then fetuses are kept incubated in specifically designed bottles. There are five castes which include: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon. Each caste is destined to have a different role; for example, an Epsilon, the lowest caste, is not capable of doing an Alpha’s job. This is because “the fetuses undergo different treatments depending on their castes”. Oxygen deprivation and alcohol treatment ensure the lower intelligence and smaller size of members of the three lower castes.
...as than others. The oldest source was the textbook Infants and Children. The other three sources were from the Internet written in 1996. Doctors wrote two of the articles and the other one was from the health information for Lenox Hill Hospital. I believe that overtime birthing methods have changed and have alternative ways to proceed, however, the cesarean delivery is pretty much the same procedure and cannot really be changed in any way, which means that the information given will be basically the same.
Therapy is the most commonly used treatment for symptoms. A variety of therapy treatments are offered for patients based on their specific characteristics and what th...