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Ghost dance movement by christopher bru
The ghost dance movement/essay
Native Americans and Canadian treaties
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1876-1877: The Battle of Little Bighorn
- The Indians were informed that if they did not come into the reservation by January 1, 1876, the task of forcing them to submit would be handed over to the War Department.
- On February 1, 1876, the War Department ordered the military to subdue the Sioux.
- On March 1, three expeditions were to be launched against the Sioux simultaneously, one under General Gibben, one under General Crook, and the third under General Custer.
- Custer was instructed to march southward until he struck the trail Reno had discovered and continue in that direction until he hit the head-waters of the Tongue River. If he found no Indians, he was to head northward down the valley of the Little Bighorn.
- Custer disobeyed
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They believed he died heroically against murderous Indians. However, Sitting Bull reflected “I feel sorry that too many were killed on each side, but when Indians must fight, they must.”
- Eastern Americans sympathized with Custer, not Sitting Bull, and they would come to regard the fight at Little Bighorn as the height of Indian treachery. Their demand for vengeance would echo for decades.
- In April 1877, Crazy Horse, an important war chief, led a group of Oglala Sioux to the Red Cloud Agency and surrendered, however he proved to be resistive, "incorrigible wild man, silent, sullen, lordly, and dictatorial," as the Indian agent described him.
- General Crook ordered his arrest and confinement and he was taken into custody on September 5, 1877 and stabbed to death in a skirmish, but it was unclear by whom he was wounded.
- By 1878, the buffalo herds had been decimated and the Sioux tribes were forced onto agencies for rations.
- In 1879, Indian reformer Captain Richard H. Pratt opened the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania. He believed removing children from their communities would eradicate their heritage and enable them to assimilate into American life. Spotted Tail, a Brule chief, had agreed to send some of his offspring to the
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- Wovoka, a Paiute, began delivering a series of prophetic messages that depicted a future which would restore Native Americans to their life before the European settlers.
- Wovoka's visions were of resurrection of tribal members who had died, restoration of game animals, a flood which would destroy only the white settlers, and a time that is coming which would be free of suffering and disease.
- The Bureau of Indian Affairs saw the Ghost Dance as a barbaric ritual and set out to abolish it.
- Settlers near the Sioux reservations demanded the suppression of the religion, for they were convinced it was a prelude to war or outbreak.
- McLaughlin complained of the evil influence exercised by Sitting Bull and a few other malcontents and advised their removal from among the Indians in June of 1890.
- On December 15, Sitting Bull’s arrest was warranted. However, he was killed in a skirmish that erupted because of his attempted arrest.
- On the night of December 23, after hearing of Sitting Bull’s death, the old chief Big Foot and 350 of his Minneconjou followers slipped away from Cheyenne River Agency to head to Pine Ridge to seek refuge with their Oglala
It had previously been the policy of the American government to remove and relocate Indians further and further west as the American population grew, but there was only so much...
The Battle of the Little Bighorn is a tragic military battle where a commander’s overconfidence, refusal to listen to advisors, and lack of foresight, led to the sacrifice of over 265 Soldiers. Many leaders within the regiment and Soldiers underneath LTC Custer were not convinced of his leadership and often time doubted his decision-making abilities. Yet despite a blatant outburst that saw him temporarily removed as regimental commander by President Grant, LTC Custer moved forward to command the regiment and ultimately met his demise at the Battle of Little Big Horn. LTC Custer routinely showed a careless disregard for the operations process and his recklessness led to his downfall.
On June 25, 1876, The Battle of Little Bighorn took place near the Black Hills in Montana. This was one of the most controversial battles of the 20th century and the line between good guys and bad guys was grey at best. Gen. George Armstrong Custer (reduced to LTC after the civil war) had 366 men of the 7thU.S. Cavalry under his command that day. Sitting Bull (A Medicine Man) led 2000 braves of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes (Klos, 2013). At the conclusion of the battle, the stories of the Indians savagery were used to demonize their culture and there were no survivors from the 7thcavalry to tell what really happened.
He had many important roles throughout his lifetime. He was only 25 when he became the leader of the Strong Heart Warrior Society. Sitting Bull was even a member of the Silent Eaters, which was a group that was concerned about tribal warfare. Some virtues that his tribe admired about him was that he was generous and wise, but he was also known for his fearlessness in battle.He helped lead many attacks on enemy tribes which designated him as a tribal war chief in 1857. Sitting Bull had as many as 5 wives over the years, although only his last 2 gave him many children. His son, Crow Foot, and his daughter, Standing Holy, were the children which he favored the most.
In 1830, the United States Government passed the Indian removal Act. This act called for Eastern Indians to be moved West to make room for white settlers. The Government then forced the Choctaw to sign the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek.
Some of them are John Burrett, the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Justice John Marshall, Quakers, Edward Everett, the Cherokees, and John Ross. A soldier who witnessed the trail was John Burrett. He will never forget the horrors he had seen in the march.To describe how bad the march and how he saw so many people was he said, “Murder is murder and somebody must answer, somebody must explain the streams of blood that flowed in the Indian country in... 1838. Somebody must explain the four-thousand silent graves that mark the trail of Cherokees to exile. I wish I could forget it all, but the picture of six-hundred and forty-five wagons lumbering over the frozen ground with their Cargo of suffering humanity still lingers in my memory.” He says that he wishes he had not seen what he saw on this trip and he wishes it did not happen. When the Cherokees appealed to the U.S. to protect their land, the Court, led by Chief Justice John Marshall, ruled that the states were not allowed to make laws that govern the Cherokees, only the federal government can.This meant that Georgia laws don’t involve the Cherokees. Many religious groups like the Quakers didn’t want to force Native Americans against their will to move from their homelands. Edward Everett, the Massachusetts congressmen, also opposed the removal of Native Americans by force to far away land. He said that over there they would encounter “the perils
Unfortunately, this great relationship that was built between the natives and the colonists of mutual respect and gain was coming to a screeching halt. In the start of the 1830s, the United States government began to realize it’s newfound strength and stability. It was decided that the nation had new and growing needs and aspirations, one of these being the idea of “Manifest Destiny”. Its continuous growth in population began to require much more resources and ultimately, land. The government started off as simply bargaining and persuading the Indian tribes to push west from their homeland. The Indians began to disagree and peacefully object and fight back. The United States government then felt they had no other option but to use force. In Indian Removal Act was signed by Andrew Jackson on May 18, 1830. This ultimately resulted in the relocation of the Eastern tribes out west, even as far as to the edge of the Great Plains. A copy of this act is laid out for you in the book, Th...
It was a great time of despair for the Native American people as the defeat of their nations by the ever westward expanding United States and subsequent placement onto reservations disrupted their culture and way of life as it had existed for hundreds of years. The decade leading up to 1890, which was a main focal point in the history of Native Americans, saw the passing of the 1887 Dawes Severalty Act which called for the breaking up of reservations and offering the Indians an opportunity to become citizens and giving them an allotment of land to farm or graze livestock on (Murrin 628). This breaking up of the different tribes’ social structure was just one of the many causes which led to the spiritual movement known as the Ghost Dance (or Lakota Ghost Dance) that swept across what remained of the Native American people in their various reservations. Other reasons for the Indian’s dysphoria at this time in their history included: lack of hunting, decease of the buffalo, forced abandonment of their religion, nearly forced conversion to Christianity, westernization, and having to farm for the very first time.
The Sioux and other Native Americans have always been treated poorly by some people. They had to deal with the same racism that the African Americans were dealing with in the South. No one was fighting a war for the Sioux though. The truth is white supremacy runs amuck everywhere and wreaks havoc on society. Racism separated the Sioux from the settlers, but the tipping point was something else entirely. The US made a binding contract, a promise, to pay the Sioux a certain amount of Go...
The Battle of Little Bighorn is one of the most, maybe even the most, controversial battle in American history. General George Armstrong Custer led his 210 troops into battle and never came out. Miscalculations, blunders, and personal glory led Custer not only to his death, but also being the most talked about soldier in this battle. But all the blame doesn’t just go on Custer’s shoulders; it also goes on Captain Frederick Benteen and Major Marcus Reno, who both fought in the battle. Both the Captain and the Major both made serious mistakes during the fight, most notable Major Marcus Reno being flat out drunk during the course of the battle. All of these factors have led The Battle of Little Bighorn to being the worst lost to any Plains Indian group in American history.
But the treaty was destined for failure. Commercial buffalo hunters essentially ignored the terms of the treaty as they moved into the area promised to the Southern Plains Indians. The great southern herd of American bison, lifeblood of the Southern Plains tribes, was all but exterminated in just four yearsfrom 1874 to 1878. The hunters slaughtered the animals by the thousands, sending the hides back East and leaving the carcasses to rot on the plainsand the U.S. government did nothing to stop them. The disappearance of the buffalo impoverished the tribes and forced them to depend on reservation rations.
Sitting Bull was great leader and a great warrior. He was recognized for many things including the Battle of Little Big Horn and the leader of Strong Hearts, He was the Sash Wearer. He spent much of his life taking care of his tribe and all Native Americans. Sitting Bull is the greatest Sioux chief and one of the greatest Native American chiefs ever.
Lieutenant Richard Henry Pratt was assigned responsibility of the captives. He believed that they could be reformed. In 1875, the captives were sent to Fort Marion in, Florida. Many died of disease and exhaustion; and self- imposed starvation. Their hair was cut, wore U.S. army uniforms, and their chains were removed. For the Cheyenne, cutting hair is a sign of death and mourning. Many community members viewed them as "savages," who were in need of "civilization." Pratt used deception to gain the trust of the Cheyenne. One night, he gave three men a sleeping potion so that they appeared to be dead. He carted them out in wheelbarrows. When they were revived, it may have seemed as though he had the power to raise the dead. Volunteers were recruited to teach the English. They were put to work on various projects so that they were taught the value of work. They were expected to follow Anglo-Sa...
Beginning in the 1860s and lasting until the late 1780s, government policy towards Native Americans was aggressive and expressed zero tolerance for their presence in the West. In the last 1850s, tribal leaders and Americans were briefly able to compromise on living situations and land arrangements. Noncompliance by Americans, however, resumed conflict. The beginning of what would be called the "Indian Wars" started in Minnesota in 1862. Sioux, angered by the loss of much of their land, killed 5 white Americans. What resulted was over 1,000 deaths, of white and Native Americans. From that point on, American policy was to force Indians off of their land. American troops would force Indian tribe leaders to accept treaties taking their land from them. Protests or resistance by the Indians would result in fighting. On occasion, military troops would even lash out against peaceful Indians. Their aggression became out of control.
In an editorial written by the famous writer Lyman Frank Baum, he mentioned “the best safety of the frontier settlements will be secured by the total annihilation of the few remaining Indians” and this represented one of the mainstreams social opinion. This kind of view laid the foundation of the forceful removal of the Native Americans since the Europeans believed they were inferior and should be exterminated, and did not deserve any respect. The conflicts reached its peak in 19th century due to the expansion activities. In this period, several small and large scale of massacres were conducted throughout the southeast part of the nation. Among these massacres, the 1813 Fort Mims and Autossee Massacre, the 1850 Yontoket Massacre and the Dakota War of 1862 caused an excessive number of more than 200 casualties each time. Also, the Indian Removal Act that passed on May 1830 forced the local tribes to migrate to the west of the