Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Effectiveness of financial leverage
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Effectiveness of financial leverage
Introduction
Leverage refers to debt or to the borrowing of funds to finance the purchase of assets in a company. Business owners can use either debt or equity to finance or buy the company's assets. Using debt, or leverage, increases the company's risk of bankruptcy. It also increases the company's returns specifically its return on equity. Leverage is a key point for an investor or a firm because it helps them to invest or operate. However, it increases the level of risk. If an investor uses leverage to make an investment and the investment moves against the investor, his or her loss is much greater than it would've been if the investment had not been leverage. Leverage itself magnifies both gains and losses. In the business world, a company
…show more content…
The relationship between contribution margin and earning before interest and tax (EBIT) is called degree of operating leverage. It may be defined as the rate of changes in EBIT due to the change in the rate of sales. The firm operating with high fixed operating cost has higher degree of operating leverage. Higher levels of risk are attached to higher degree of leverage. High operating leverage is good when sales are increasing and bad when they are …show more content…
Operating leverage is concerned with investment activities of the firm whereas financial leverage is concerned with financing activities of the firm. As well as this, operational leverage is determined by the cost structure of the firm but financial leverage is determined by the capital structure of the firm. Furthermore, degree of operating leverage enables us to measure the business risk associated with the firm. On the other hand, degree of financial leverage enables us to measure the degree of financial risk, associated with the
Balance sheet lists assets, liabilities and owner’s equity. The assets listed on the balance sheet are acquired either by debt (liabilities) or equity. “Companies that use more debt than equity to finance assets have a high leverage ratio and an aggressive capital structure. A company that pays for assets with more equity than debt has a low leverage ratio and a conservative capital structure. That said, a high leverage ratio and/or an aggressive capital structure can also lead
Financial Leverage Analysis Regarding financial leverage, the debt percentage ratio increased from 84.95% to 89.92%, indicating an increase in the amount of The Home Depot’s assets that are financed with debt. The debt to equity ratio drastically increased, from 5.65 to 8.92, showing a drastically increased amount of financial leverage in the company. This may not always be good for a company, as it means there is a very large amount of debt. However, the quick ratio had virtually no change (decreased by .01), showing that an increase in debt and financial leverage did not affect cash and cash equivalents. In fact, cash and cash equivalents increased, as stated in the above paragraph citing vertical analysis.
Higher leverage is very likely to create value for a firm considering capital structure change by exerting financial discipline and more efficient corporate strategy changes.
The 3 percent decline in sales causing a 21 percent decline in profits can be attributed to the identification of the accounting concept of operating leverage. Operating leverage is what business managers apply to boost small changes in revenue into sizable changes in profitability. Fixed cost is the force managers use to attain disproportionate changes between revenue and profitability. Therefore, when all costs are fixed every sales dollar contributes one dollar toward the potential profitability of a project. Once sales dollars cover fixed costs, each additional sales dollar represents pure profit. A small change in sales volume can significantly affect profitability (Edmonds, Tsay, & Olds, 2011). So, therefore, if sales volume increases,
Equity capital represents money put up and owned by shareholders. This money can be used to fund projects and other opportunities under the auspice of creating greater value. This type of capital is typically the most expensive. In order to attract investors, the firms expected returns must consummate with the associated risk ("Financial leverage and,"). To illustrate this, consider a speculative oil drilling operation, this type of operation would require higher promised returns than say a Wal-Mart in order to attract investors. The two primary forms of equity capital are 1) money invested into the business for an ownership stake (i.e. stock) and 2) retained earnings from past profits used to fund future growth through acquisitions, expansions and product development.
The consistent high spending of capital equipment is the first reason why one would recommend reducing the debt to equity ratio. A company with higher levels of debt is less flexible in being able to adjust to new market demands and conditions that require the company to make new products or respond to competition. Looking at the pecking order of financing, issuing new shares to fund capital investing is the last resort and a company that has high levels of debt, must move to the equity side to avoid the risk of bankruptcy. Defaulting on loans occur when increased costs or bad economic conditions lead the firm to have lower net income than the payments on loans. The risk of defaulting on loans and the direct and indirect cost related to defaulting lead firms to prefer lower levels of debt. The financial distress caused by additional leverage can lead to lower cash flows available to all investors, lower than if the firm was financed by equity only. Additionally, the high debt ratio that Du Pont incurred also led to them dropping from a AAA bond rating to a AA bond Rating. Although the likelihood of not being able to acquire loans would be minimal, there are increased interest costs with having a lower bond rating. The lower bond rating signals to investors that the firm is more likely to default than if it had a higher (AAA) bond rating.
...e overall performance of the company given that the higher the margin, the more likely that the company will retain a profit after taxes have been withdrawn. It is calculated by subtracting the cost of interest from the earnings before income taxes.
Profitability ratios express ability of the company to produce profit. This shows how well a company is performing in a given period of time. To compare the profitability for the companies, the investors use profitability ratios that are return on equity, profit margin, asset turnover, gross profit, earning per share. Return on asset indicates overall profitability of assets. It is the relationship between net income and average total assets. GM has 0.034 and Ford has 0.036. This indicates Ford is more profitable. Profit margin is how much of every dollar of sales the company keeps. Computing profit margin, net income divided by net sales. This indicates higher profit margin is more profitable and it has better control. Thus, GM’s profit margin is 3.4 percentages and Ford’s is 4.9 percentages. This indicates Ford has better control profitably compared to GM. Next ratio is gross profit rate. It is how much of every dollar is left over after paying costs of goods sold. Assets turnover represents how efficiency a company uses its assets to sales. This ratio is relationship between net sales and average total assets. GM’s is 0.98 and Ford’s is 0.75. This result represents GM is using its assets more efficiently. Gross profit margin is dividing gross profit, which is equal to net sales less cost of gods sold, by net sales. This ratio indicates ability to maintain selling price above its cost of goods sold. GM’s gross profit rate is 11.6 percentages. Ford’s is 5.7 percentages. GM is higher ratio, and it indicates strong net income. Also, it indicates the company has to spend lower operating expenses and the company is able to spend left money for covering fixed costs. Earnings per share indicate the company’s net earnings to each share common stock. This ratio shows margin between selling price and cost of goods sold. From these companies’ income statement, GM is $2.71 and Ford is $1.82. Because GM’s value is higher relative to Ford’s,
Managers are encouraged to act more in the interest of shareholders and the amount of leverage in the capital structure affects firm profitability (Ebaid, 2009).
The benefits of these assumptions are that while maintaining the current growth rate of 13%; we can maintain our COGS. One of the major factors contributing to the firm’s poor profit margin is operating expenses.
There are also a few cons in accounting for these instruments are either debt of equity. "Excessive debt financing may impair your (the company's) credit rating and your ability to raise more money in the future (Financing Basics, 1). If a company has too much debt, it could be considered too risky and unsafe for a creditor to lend money. Also with excessive debt, a business could have problems with business downturns, credit shortages, or interest rate increases. "Conversely, too much equity financing can indicate that you are not making the most productive use of your capital; the capital is not being used advantageously as leverage for obtaining cash" (Financing Basics, 1). A low amount of equity shows that the owne...
Leveraged buyout or LBO by definition is a purchase in which a group of investors borrows money from banks and other institutions to acquire a company (or a division of one), using the assets of the purchased company to guarantee repayment of the loan. Leveraged Buyouts are normally undertaken by private equity firms. Private equity firms have to deal with the investments in the private equity- in other words someones’ own stock (equity is the difference between the value of the assets/interest and the cost of the liabilities of something owned). With leveraged buyouts it is expected that the return generated will more than outweigh the interest paid on the debt. LBOs are a great way to experience high
The purpose of this paper is to briefly analyze why burrs and rough spots suddenly started to appear on quarter panel parts at an automotive company. Three out of four production lines at an automotive plant facility experienced defects of manufactured panel parts. Also, an analysis of how the panel problem is related to organizational sub-culture, organizational politics and job stress. Although there are several implications of various issues related to organizational culture, organizational politics and job stress is important because it determines how human capital within an organization will demonstrate the capacity to cope with working for the organization, thus determining the success of the organization. “To illustrate, studies have shown that job stress results from the interaction of the worker and the conditions of the workplace, i.e., the culture (Vigoda, 2002).” “Likewise, there are studies conducted that found organizational politics to have an adverse effect on psychological issues such as job stress (Ferris, Russ, & Fandt,1989).” Therefore, an organizations most valued asset is its employees.
When you buy a stock, what you are in effect, receiving is partial ownership of a company so that your fortunes rise and fall with the fortunes of the company. In good times, you benefit and, in bad times, you could lose money. However, taking a long-term approach to stock investing and building a balanced portfolio should normally result in higher accumulation of wealth over the same period of time compared to real estate investment. It is also possible to use leverage in stock investment with the use of margins though this should be judiciously done to avoid margin calls, which can happen when the equity in relation to the amount borrowed falls below a certain level.Among the advantages of stock investment is liquidity, which means that stocks can be sold quickly and easily. On the down side, stock prices can be highly volatile and often driven by market sentiment. If the company goes bankrupt, your investment will be
The capital structure of a firm is the way in which it decides to finance its operations from various funds, comprising debt, such as bonds and outstanding loans, and equity, including stock and retained earnings. In the long term, firms seek to find the optimal debt-equity ratio. This essay will explore the advantages and disadvantages of different capital structure mixes, and consider whether this has any relevance to firm value in theory and in reality.