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Racial bias within the US judicial system
Racial bias within the US judicial system
Bias in the judicial system
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Judge Leslie Tiller and Judge Simon Skinner serve on the U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, respectively. Each judge has an involved history with Minnesota’s governor, Joyce Cooper. In this paper, I address whether the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause bars Skinner and Tiller from hearing two unique cases to which Cooper is a party: the Sierra Club Case and the Cooper Corruption Case. I address each of the two cases in two distinct parts of the paper, labeled II and III, respectively, and in part I, I detail the relevant facts that frame this question. Subheading each of those three parts is two additional subparts, A and B. In all sections, subpart A concerns Tiller …show more content…
Here, there is a fear that Tiller will react to The Sierra Club’s recalcitrant rhetoric in a way that biases her judging. The Court addressed a similar concern in Mayberry v. Pennsylvania. In that case, two defendants orally vilified a presiding judge, who then charged the defendants with criminal contempt. The same judge—the one who accused the defendants of contempt—was also the judge who adjudicated the case that arose from his accusation. The Mayberry Court held that the judge’s presence violated due process, saying, “[a] judge, vilified as was this Pennsylvania judge, necessarily becomes embroiled in a … bitter controversy … [such that he] is [un]likely to maintain that calm detachment necessary for fair adjudication.” So, the Court held that the Pennsylvania judge must recuse. Admittedly, there is a temptation to apply the same reasoning to Tiller, who has experienced comparable vilification courtesy of The Sierra Club, now a party in her court. But, upon closer examination, there are several outcome-swinging ways that distinguish the instant case from
The court case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) is credited and widely believed to be the creator of the “unprecedented” concept of Judicial Review. John Marshall, the Supreme Court Justice at the time, is lionized as a pioneer of Constitutional justice, but, in the past, was never really recognized as so. What needs to be clarified is that nothing in history is truly unprecedented, and Marbury v. Madison’s modern glorification is merely a product of years of disagreements on the validity of judicial review, fueled by court cases like Eakin v. Raub; John Marshall was also never really recognized in the past as the creator of judicial review, as shown in the case of Dred Scott v. Sanford.
Hall, Kermit L, eds. The Oxford guide to United States Supreme Court decisions New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Constitutional Commentary, Vol. 27, Issue 2 (Fall 2011), pp. 347-360 Volokh, Eugene 27 Const. Comment. 347 (2010-2011)
On the morning of January 8th 1962, the Supreme Court received mail from prisoner 003826 of Florida State Prison, also known as Clarence Earl Gideon. In the envelope contained a hand written letter with questionable grammar from Gideon claiming that he was denied a fair trial due to the absence of a lawyer. Gideon’s writ of certiorari was an in forma pauperis petition or pauper’s petition. Due to the fact that most paupers’ petitions are from inmates who do not have the legal means to properly file a certiorari, the Court had special methods of handling cases such as Gideon’s. Paupers’ petitions according to Justice Frankfurter were “almost unintelligible and certainly do not present a clear statement of issues necessary for our understanding”(Lewis 35). It is reasonable to assume that the Court would not spend an exorbitant amount of time going through mounds of paupers’ petitions trying to find a case that seemed presentable. Statistically, about thirteen percent of petitions for certiorari on the regular docket are paupers’ petitions. In addition, only three percent of paupers’ petitions end up being granted. Nevertheless, Gideon’s case was treated just as equally as any other in forma pauperis case. Gideon’s handwritten documents were held for a month until Florida authorities replied to petition. A month passed by and Gideon’s petition was mailed to the office of Chief Justice Earl Warren in 1962. A conference was held in June to discuss whether or not Gideon’s petition should be granted. Gideon’s case was granted three days after the conference and from that day forward Gideon’s fight for justice would ensue. In the eyes of Gideon, an attorney was a fundamental right of due process. However, his biggest ch...
Emmett Till was fourteen years old when he died, as a result of racism. He was innocent, and faced the consequences of discrimination at a young age. His death was a tragedy, but will he will live on as somebody who helped African-Americans earn their rights. Emmett Till’s death took place in a ruthless era in which his life was taken from him as a result of racism during the Civil Rights Movement.
Despite the efforts of lawyers and judges to eliminate racial discrimination in the courts, does racial bias play a part in today’s jury selection? Positive steps have been taken in past court cases to ensure fair and unbiased juries. Unfortunately, a popular strategy among lawyers is to incorporate racial bias without directing attention to their actions. They are taught to look for the unseen and to notice the unnoticed. The Supreme Court in its precedent setting decision on the case of Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986), is the first step to limiting racial discrimination in the court room. The process of selecting jurors begins with prospective jurors being brought into the courtroom, then separating them into smaller groups to be seated in the jury box. The judge and or attorneys ask questions with intent to determine if any juror is biased or cannot deal with the issues fairly. The question process is referred to as voir dire, a French word meaning, “to see to speak”. During voir dire, attorneys have the right to excuse a juror in peremptory challenges. Peremptory challenges are based on the potential juror admitting bias, acquaintanceship with one of the parties, personal knowledge of the facts, or the attorney believing he/she might not be impartial. In the case of Batson v. Kentucky, James Batson, a black man, was indicted for second-degree burglary and receipt of stolen goods. During the selection of the jury the prosecutor used his peremptory challenges to strike out all of the four black potential jurors, leaving an all white jury. Batson’s attorney moved to discharge the venire, the list from which jurors may be selected, on the grounds that the prosecutor’s peremptory challenges violated his client’s Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights to have a jury derived from a “cross-section of the community”(People v. Wheeler, 583 P.3d 748 [Calif. 1978]). The circuit court ruled in favor of the prosecutor and convicted Batson on both counts. This case went through the courts and finalized in the U.S. Supreme Court.
Schultz, David, and John R. Vile. The Encyclopedia of Civil Liberties in America. 710-712. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale Virtual Reference Library, n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. .
Remy, Richard C., Gary E. Clayton, and John J. Patrick. "Supreme Court Cases." Civics Today. Columbus, Ohio: Glencoe, 2008. 796. Print.
Columbia Law Review, 104, 1-20. doi:10.2307/4099343. Reynolds, S. (2009). The 'Standard'. An interview with Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.
Palmer, Elizabeth A. "The Court and Public Opinion." CQ Weekly 2 Dec. 2000. CQ Weekly. SAGE Publications. Web. 1 Mar. 2000. .
III. Procedural History: Due to a complaint made by the County Attorney of Hennepin County, the defendant, J. M. Near was ordered to display reason why his newspaper should not be banned for production under the Minnesota statute or “gag law”. During this time he was also not allowed to publish, broadcast, or create new editions until a final verdict was given. Near refused to argue his reasoning based on the idea that the state statute was not only unconstitutional but also, the plaintiff did not have a sufficient amount of evidence which is required in order for one to take legal action. The District Court rejected to side with Near due to the absence of facts and decided to send the issue to the Minnesota Supreme Court for confirmation. The State Supreme Court decided to uphold the statute despite the fact that Near argued “the Act violated not only the state constitution and U.S constitution but also, the Fourteenth Amendment” (283 U.S 697, 705). After this, the case proceeded to trial and the District Court found that, “the defendants, through these publications, did engage in the business of regularly and customarily producing, publishing and circulating a malicious, scandalous and defamatory newspaper, and that “the said publication” under said name of The Saturday Press, or any other name, constitutes a public nuisance under the laws of the State” (283 U.S. 697, 706). J. M. Near appealed to the State Supreme Court once again, arguing that his rights under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment were being viola...
The case of Utah v. Strieff was a very gripping and compelling case that caught the attention of multiple Justices in the Supreme Court. All but two Justices agreed that the Officer Fackrell actions were justified. In the dissenting of Justice Sotomayor, she pointed out that she didn’t agree with the rest of the other seven Justices opinions and was in fact surprised at the way the Court viewed this prodigious case.
In May of 1886, the case of Santa Clara County vs. Southern Pacific Railroad was decided. The case dealt with the how taxation of railroad companies should be handled. The decision ruled by the Supreme Court that the Fourteenth Amendment’s use of the word “person/s” was also pertaining to the rights of corporations. This was one of the most important of many cases that were ruled out using this same stipulation. This is one of many cases that have been decided using this interpretation of the Constitution since 1819, when the Dartmouth College vs. Woodward case was decided. Regarding the Santa Clara County vs. Southern Pacific Railroad case, the Chief Jus...
Sandy Skoglund is an American photographer and installation artist who uses many bright and vibrant colors in her artwork. She graduated from Smith College, with a degree in art history. Skoglund spent a year in Paris, studying abroad, before she graduated in 1964. Later in 1969, she went on to graduate school at the University of Iowa. Here she studied filmmaking, multimedia art, and printing. In 1971, she earned her Master of Arts and in 1972, a Master of Fine Arts, both in painting, all from the University of Iowa.
Robert N. Clinton, ‘Judges Must Make Law: A Realistic Appraisal of the Judicial Function in a Democratic Society’ [1981-1982] 67 Iowa L. Rev. 711 http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ilr67&div=38&g_sent=1&collection=journals accessed 12 February 2012