Leo Kanner, in his study published in 1943, became the first to clinically recognize and define autism (Thompson, 2017). Kanner believed a prominent attribute of children with autism was a lack of capacity to interact with peers and adults. He further asserted that children with autism, a Greek word meaning stereotypy, also exhibited little to no development of language, required environmental constants, and performed repetitious behavior; yet, exhibited success with particular functions (Cautilli, Hancock, Thomas, & Tillman, 2002). For more than 20 years following Kanner’s description, autism was chiefly misdiagnosed and improperly managed, even labeled untreatable. Although research was limited, each notable finding built upon the previous …show more content…
According to Thompson (2017), the conclusion that autism was treatable, as well as the recognized importance of early intervention for behavioral modification were (became) foremost concepts in the evolution of autism research. Additionally, a link between autism and the brain was established, specifically the connection with cerebral dysfunction, such as motor, intellectual, and emotional processes. Lastly, advances in technology drastically altered the diagnostic procedures for individuals with disabilities. For instance, the development of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and the Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised provided methods to properly diagnose children by the age of 2, many of whom had been overlooked or misdiagnosed. Another technological innovation that broadened the study of autism was the ability to examine brain activity, using imaging machines such as the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), during cerebral functions. Furthermore, advances in genetics and the introduction of applied behavior analysis also contributed to a greater understanding of the causes and treatment of autism (Thompson, …show more content…
(2005) utilized home movies to study the first 12 months of life in children to determine the age and symptoms associated with the inception of ASD. Of the 40 participating children, whose ages at the time of the study ranged from three to 4.8 years old, nearly 88% or 35 children exhibited symptoms, such as a disregard for people, absence of social involvement, lack of eye contact, indifference to activity, and moodiness during their first 12 months of life, while about 12% or five children presented with symptoms in the subsequent year. These findings provided an opportunity to categorize the following quantity and ages at which symptoms began: 24 children classified as very early onset during the first 6 months, 11 children characterized as early onset during months six through 12, and five children categorized as late onset during months 13 through 24. The significance of the results associated with the identification of the three critical periods allows opportunities for enhanced, earlier observations and early intervention strategies primarily from 6 to 12 months of age (Maestro et al.,
In the 1940’s two doctors in different countries observed children displaying similar behaviors and deficits. One of the doctors was Viennese pediatrician Dr. Hans Asperger and the other was a child psychiatrist named Leo Kanner. Dr. Kanner was the first of the two doctors to report his observations. What he described were behaviors similar to those seen in children with what we call Autistic disorder. The behaviors affected the children’s communication, social interaction and interests. Dr. Asperger later published an article discussing what he dubbed “Autistische Psychpathen im Kindesalter” which translates to “Autistic Psychopathy”. Although some behaviors overlapped, there were differences leading to the belief that these doctors were documenting two different disorders. The two most prevalent were the differences in motor and language abilities (Miller, Ozonoff). Another was Asperger’s belief that his patients were of normal or above average intelligence. It was not until 1994 that Asperger Syndrome was entered into the Diagnostics and Statistics Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM IV), finally becoming an official diagnosis. At the time, Asperger Syndrome (AS) was labeled as a subcategory of autism along with autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder and pervasive development disorder. Since then, the community of people with Asperger Syndrome has grown to love and better understand the disorder that they live with every day. Some of them have even affectionately named themselves “Aspies”.
It can be noticed by the parents at early age (congenital) or during childhood (from 3 to 6 years). Recognizing ASD is by observing the patients' communication skills, interaction with people and things around him\her and sometimes by some health problems like sleeping problems and gastrointestinal distress. This changes are usually noticeable in the first two years in children because these are the most interactive and transitional years of the children's lives. (2,5) These symptoms are reduced down to three main symptoms which are social interaction, communication, and repetitive behavioral issues. Social impairment is what distinguish ASD from other developmental disorders. Most patient with ASD finds interaction with others difficult and challenging or lack the intuition about people. They also tend to avoid eye contact, fail to respond to their own names, and prefer to be alone. However they form attachments to their primary caregivers. (2,4,5)Second, communication problems which can occur in different verbal abilities from no speech to fluent, but impropriate and awkward. They are noticed when trying to ask for something or tell something, and it can appear as delay in talking or difficulty in following or starting a conversation. (5,6)Finally, is the behavioral issues which mainly are focusing on unnecessary things like the far train's voice, inability to live without daily routine, and stereotyped behavior like hand
Stephen M. Edelson, Ph.D. . Center for the Study of Autism. Web. 23 October 2011.
More people are being educated about this neuro-development and with therapies and interventions can help lesson disruptive behaviors. Early recognition is key to helping people with ASD live a fulfilling
Autism was first discovered by Leo Kanner in 1943, he labeled it as early infantile autism. Most causes of autistic children before Kanner’s discovery were thought to be possessed and were put through very inhumane conditions. Autism is the prototypical form of a spectrum of related, complex, neuro developmental disorders referred to as autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs), also known as pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) (Berry 73). The main symptom of Autism is the inability to easily communicate and interact with others. A cure for autism has not been discovered, but there are reports of some children that have naturally recovered. Symptoms are noticed in early years of life, normally around the age of three. The onset of the disease must be before the age of three years (Berry 73). The families with an autistic child have to adjust their daily activities around the child at all times. It is very difficult for an autistic child to be in a crowded area or in new environments.
First off, autism is not a form of mental retardation despite what the general public may have you believe. In actuality, autism, which was first described by Kanner (1943) in his study of 11 children with “autistic disturbances of affective contact” (US: American Psychological Ass...
Children who suffer from ASD usually have the appearance of normal development and then become withdrawn and regress from social interaction (Melinda Smith, 2013). The impaired social interaction of the disorder affects communication both verbally and non- verbally (Melinda Smith, 2013). Their communication with others and the world around them is also affected, as well as their thinking and behavior (Melinda Smith, 2013).
In 1943, Leo Kanner observed eleven children, each with similar behavioral patterns, and published a paper in which he stared,” The condition differs markedly and uniquely from any reported so far” (Miller). Although many cases of autism, and autism-like disorders appeared before throughout history, no one ever properly defined this disorder until Kanner’s paper. The first said to mention the word autism was Martin Luther during the Protestant Reformation, while describing a severally autistic boy, but this is a doubted speculation. The first to medically coin the term autism was Hans Asperger. Even though, he thought he was observing autism, he was actually observing and describing Asperger Syndrome, which doctors realized was a different disorder in 1981 (“Who discovered Autism?”).
Participant(s) were identified as having ASD and were between the ages of 4 and 21
Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Rogers, T., Roberts, W., Brian, J., & Szatmari, P. (2005). Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23(2), 143-152.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a general term for a group of complex disorders of brain development. They can be categorized, in many ways, by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors. ASD can be associated with intellectual disability, difficulties in motor coordination and attention and physical health issues such as sleep and gastrointestinal disturbances. Some people with ASD thrive in music, math, visual skills and art. The acute signs of autism and symptoms of autism tend to appear between the ages of 2 to 3 years old. (Autism Speaks)
Understanding autism, which is professionally known as Autism Spectrum Disorder, otherwise known as (ADS) can be a difficult task, especially for someone who is not trained in helping persons with disabilities. The first person to discover autism was a child psychiatrist, Dr. Leo Kanner in 1943. He names the spectrum disorder after the Greek word autos, meaning of or for oneself, due to the way the child display social avoidance. Many doctors’ believed in the past that autism was caused by the way the mother not caring for her child properly or ignoring him or her. There was also a time when it was thought to be caused by certain environmental stresses that cause neurological issues within the brain. Autism is one of the most misunderstood
To learn more about medication and ASD, please visit the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's
Autism is characterized as a developmental disorder that is seen in children by the age of three years old. Autism affects the brains normal, natural development, and causes many impairments. The major impairments that affect an individual are reciprocal socialization, Qualitative impairment in communication, and repetitive or unusual behavior. Signs of Autism can be seen in early infanthood, with proper awareness and resources. An infant child can appear to be adverse to eye contact early on. Some signs in early infancy appear as being indifferent to affection and physical contact. When spoken to, they can appear to be deaf or ignoring the parent or caregiver. Noticing the early red flags of Autism can provide an early intervention and give the child the best chance at learning to tolerate their environment. Children around three years old will display certain signs and symptoms.
According to sciencedaily.com ( Sam Houston state University, February 12, 2015) there are over one million juvenile gang members in the United States alone. Teenagers don't understand the violent life time commitment it takes to join a gang. First of all homicide plays a major role in gangs and with gang activity. Second, when you are initiated into a gang, you are in it forever. Lastly a gang my say