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Effects of lead poisoning in children essay chemistry
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Lead Toxicity: Its Effects on Fetal and Infant Development
Lead toxicity has been an area of unending research in recent years. There have been positive and negative correlation’s relating its toxic effects to both child developmental deficiencies and adult regression problems. This review will focus on the problems associated with the children. It will discuss various routes of entry of lead into the child’s system, both prenatally and postnatally, the mechanisms employed by lead to cause the dysfunction’s, and some of the neurological deficits believed to be caused by the lead exposure.
The development of a child begins in utero and continues following birth; thus both of these time frames must be examined as possible periods of lead intoxication. During development, the fetus is at the mercy of its mother. If the mother has high blood lead levels during pregnancy, the developing fetus will have the same. This is due to the lack of a transplacental barrier to lead. Thus, the maternal levels are consistently equal to fetal levels throughout pregnancy. The mode of transport is not clearly understood. However, it has been suggested that it is a matter of simple diffusion for several reasons (1). First, is the close quantitative relationship between maternal and fetal blood lead levels. Second, is the experimentally modeled linear relationship between the transfer of lead from the mother to the fetus and the umbilical blood flow rate. An increase in blood flow rate coupled with the increased surface area of the placental barrier, 2 m2 to 11 m2, over the gestational period increases the transplacental diffusion (1). With this direct correlation in mind, it then becomes important to discuss possible sources of increased mater...
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...991; 13: 203-211.
4.Bressler, J. P. and Goldstein, G.W. "Mechanisms of Lead Toxicity." Biochemical Pharmacology. 1991; 41: 479-84.
5. Dietrich, K. N. "Human Fetal Lead Exposure: Intrauterine Growth, Maturation, and Postnatal Neurobehavioral Development." Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. 1991; 16: 17-19.
6. Bellinger, D., Leviton, A., and Sloman, J. "Antecedents and Correlates of Improved Cognitive Performance in Children Exposed in Utero to Low Levels of Lead." Environmental Health Perspectives. 1990; 89: 5-11.
7. Bhattacharya, A., Shukla, R., Bornschein, R. L., et.al. "Lead Effects on Postural Balance of Children." Environmental Health Perspectives. 1990; 89: 35-42.
8. Ernhart, C. B. and Greene, T. "Low-Level Lead Exposure in the Prenatal and Early Preschool Periods: Language Development." Archives of Environmental Health. 1990; 45: 342-354.
This is why the Flint water crisis is so critical today. Because young children are being exposed to lead and they should actually be screened from the lead. The pipelines with lead in the water system and the whole community of Flint, not being able to drink water out of the facet as well as not being able to
Hall, David D. "Witch Hunting In Salem." Christian History. N.p., 1994. Web. 05 Nov. 2013.
lead are more prone to developing ADHD. Some scientists in Brittan have linked a higher
There are many factors that are integrated into the successful development of a child from Prenatal growth into toddlerhood. Teratogens (outside factors) have a great impact on the babies’ inutero development. Some outside factors like second-hand smoke, smog, or fumes from cleaning chemicals can cause negative effects on the child inside the womb. A few major affects from teratogens could result in low birth weight, head circumference, slow physical growth as well as an effect on mental, behavioral and motor skills (Berk, 2003). The environment around the mother provides many of these outside factors affecting the baby’s growth. But the main link to teratogens during the gestation period is most likely the mother. Daniel S. Messinger and the National Institute on Drug Abuse found that 2.8% of pregnant women admitted to using illicit drugs during their pregnancy (1996). Through illicit drug use, tobacco use and alcohol use, the mother disrupts her baby’s growth with possibly permanent damage.
EPA. (2009, December 29). Retrieved January 15, 2011, from Toxicity and Exposure Assessment for Children's Health: http://www.epa.gov/teach/
The people’s inability to understand and see grendel beyond just the creature, created more trouble than peace. Another firm reason for their disapproval of grendel was the fact that grendel did not appear to like humans to begin with. Aside from his original thoughts that people were “dangerous creatures” grendel was not inviting to the groups of people he wanted to be accepted by. He saw their overall ability to “create their own destiny” as a threat and a quality that he himself could not obtain, almost forming a sense of jealousy. This feeling alone was another reason that mankind did not accept grendel with open arms. His fighting with the danes was another reason for their hesitance for any kind of remorse to someone like grendel. Their societal standard’s forced grendel to be vagrant and misguided as he tried to find his only purpose in life, thus showing grendel that there was no hope for a similarity between the people and
Represented as an evil monster whose sole purpose is to kill, Grendel seems to epitomize the very terror that rules our world today. Yet, throughout the story Grendel exhibits human characteristics and experiences, providing the reader with a parallel between themselves and the "monster", and ultimately giving Grendel a human aspect that simultaneously conveys and criticizes human nature. After reading Grendel by John Gardner, I empathize with Grendel and view him as merely misunderstood, revealing that I am not quick to jump to conclusions, and do not view evil as an inherent value, but as a cultivated result of societal pressure.
¨The king snatched an ax from the man beside him and, without any warning, he hurled it at me¨ (pg.27), this quote, said by Grendel, was the human´s response when he tried to yell ¨Pig!¨ (pg.27). Their thought process went from getting him food to trying to kill him, leading him to believe that they are crazy and psychotic. After this and the roaring came Grendel´s mother ¨and before she was within a mile of us , the creatures had leaped to their horses and galloped away.¨ (pg.27). The humans in Grendel's opinion were now cowardly because they could toy around with him but once his mother who wasn't stuck in a tree came, they got out of there as fast as possible. ¨The world resists me and I resist the world,¨, Grendel woke up in his mother´s cave and said this. Now that the humans responded in the wrong way towards him, he gets down on himself and believes he is the only thing existing in the world; a world of his own. In the end, the human´s response to Grendel and to his mother lead him to believe that humans are insane and also cowardly. Not only this but they shaped his viewpoint on himself.
Throughout the novel, Grendel repeatedly interacts with humans, leading him to formulate an opinion about them: the humans in the
Developing children who need higher levels of nutrients than adults are more vulnerable to such manifestations. Studies show that lead toxicity can cause its effects on the CNS even at the blood lead concentration of 0.48 and 0.7pmol/litre [need REF]. In United States, there are over one million children having blood lead levels in this range (ATSDR, 1988; NRC, 1993). With enhanced exposure the manifestations of lead on CNS, among adult subpopulation are associated with alteration in the physiological conditions like lactation, pregnancy, bone resorption and
Lead and lead compounds can be highly toxic when eaten or inhaled. Although lead is absorbed very slowly into the body, its rate of excretion is even slower. Thus, with constant exposure, lead accumulates gradually in the body. It is absorbed by the red blood cells and circulated through the body where it becomes concentrated in the soft tissues, especially the liver and kidneys. Lead can cause damage in the central nervous system and apparently can damage the cells making up the blood-brain barrier that protects the brain from many harmful chemicals.
Every woman when pregnant has a 3-5% chance of having a baby born with a birth defect, and these chances increase when the developing fetus/ embryos are exposed to teratogens, whether it’s intentional or unintentional (Bethesda (MD), 2006). Teratogens can cause severe birth defects, malformations, or terminate the pregnancy altogether (Jancárková, & Gregor, 2000). The placenta is known as an effective barrier from any detrimental pathogen that can potentially hurt the fetus. The timing of exposure of any teratogen is critical to the impact of prenatal development (Bethesda (MD), 2006). The most vulnerable time of the fetus for severe damage is during early pregnancy when all the major organ and central nervous system (CNS) are developing. Miscarriages have an important role in keeping a pregnancy from evolving when there is something serious going on with the developing fetus/embryo. Miscarriages are more common than we think and are the most familiar type of pregnancy loss (Bethesda (MD), 2006).
3] [4], but studies involving, low level chorionic exposure are scarce. Normally, people are not exposed to high levels of Lead or TCDD, instead people are exposed to small levels or undetectable traces and over the years of constant exposure and the human body’s lack of ability to metabolize Lead and TCDD, allow the pollutants to accumulate into high concentration and become toxic [2].The toxic effect caused by Lead and TCDD exposure include adverse effects and damage to the gastrointestinal system, immune system, nervous system, endocrine and reproductive system, brain, kidney, liver and cause cancer and in extreme cases death [1].Assessing toxicological effect can be done by blood samples but are not always detectable. There is also an issue that different pollutants and toxins are distributed and accumulate differently in each organ. To get improved understanding of toxicity, a biopsy, a small sample of an organ is need. Biopsy are invasive and for organs like the brain or a fetus during pregnancies are extremely dangerous and difficult to obtain, so alternative methods of determining toxicity for these chemicals needs to be
That is, of course, the United States accounts for only 5% of the population of the world 's population, but its total domestic oil consumption was able to account for 25% of total world consumption. All along, the US dependence on imported oil is very substantial, and in which about one-third of imported oil from the Middle East. In this context, the United States cannot firmly fix on their oil port
Grendel is an unhappy soul in John Gardner's book "Grendel", because he feels useless in society and doesn't want to accept his given role. Throughout this whole book Grendel feels he has no friend in the outside word and no one to except him besides his own mother. He doesn't want to except his role in society which is to be the Great Destroyer. Man creates a huge problem in Grendel's life and has had a major effect on the way he lives with man. Grendel is unhappy in many ways. He wants to be accepted by man but never knew why he was always shunned out of their society.