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Marx on capitalism
Philosophy of karl marx on economics in politics
Marx on capitalism
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La Cultura y la Mercancía
RESUMEN: Adorno and Horkheimer adopted the notion of the fetishism of commodities for the analysis of art and culture. Material, physical goods are not identical with symbolic ones. In spite of being predominant, the culture industry cannot be taken as the prototype for all analyses of culture. One cannot reduce all cultural products in the market economy to market products. The plurality of artistic and cultural practices found in countries such as Brazil calls into question the Frankfurtian framework.
1. El análisis de la mercancía y su fetiche, hecho por Karl Marx en El capital, es una abstracción de las relaciones de los hombres, que es una relación entre cosas. El análisis de Marx es oriundo de la economía política, pero, no obstante, alcanza el dominio de la filosofía. La mercancía (y su fetiche) es una especie de "mónada" del capitalismo.
¿ De donde viene esa dimensión metafísica que domina el trabajo de los hombres y sus productos? - pregunta Marx. La mercancía no es una mera cosa: no es aquello que aparenta ser. La adherencia de valores externos hace de ella la portadora de "sutileza metafísica y mañas teológicas". (Marx, 1983: p.70) Ese procedimiento no es propio del valor de uso, en la destinación de los productos para la satisfacción de la necesidad de los hombres. Esa adherencia es propia de la forma mercancía misma, en el momento en que el trabajo humano (que es alienado) es dado a la sociedad como mercancía, en el valor de cambio.
El fetiche de la mercancía es la transformación del producto social en una cosa metafísica. La mercancía es resultado de las relaciones objetivas de producción y, en la economía capitalista, alcanza el estatuto de mediación entre los productores: ella refracta la relación social de los hombres como una relación de objetos, o mejor, como una relación objetiva entre cosas. La forma mercancía es la síntesis de la relación social que nace con el trabajo. (Marx, 1983: p.71)
La mercancía sólo alcanza el fetiche gracias a la forma como es producida, o sea, en el trabajo alienado. La racionalidad del proceso de producción provoca la fragmentación y el trabajador es sólo una parte de esa maquinaría, un objeto como otro cualquiera. Una vez producida y dada a la sociedad, la mercancía retiene una unidad de significación que no se encuentra más en el hombre o en la relación de la producción.
Edkins, Jenny, and Maja Zehfuss. Global Politics: A New Introduction. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2009. Print.
Marx’s idea of the estrangement of man from the product of his labor described the suffering of countless hours or work by the laborer, contributing to the production of a product that he could not afford with the wages he made. He helped to produce a product that only those wealthier than he could afford. As the society around him became more object-oriented, he became increasingly more alienated. In the lager, one factor that distanced the laborer from his product was that he no longer worked for a wage, but for survival. In a description of his fellow worker, Levi wrote, “He seems to think that his present situation is like outside, where it is honest and logical to work, as well as being of advantage, because according to what everyone says, the more one works the more one earns and eats.” Levi pitied his fellow worker for his naivety, as the Lager was not a place of labor for prosperity, but strictly a place of labor by force. One worked in order to live, focusing more on the uncertainty of their next meal, day, or even breath than the product of their l...
Gioia, Dana, and X.J. Kennedy. "Oedipus the King." Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Compact Edition, Interactive Edition. 5th ed. New York: Pearson; Longman Publishing, 2007. 887-924. Print.
...hown to be a fundamental socioeconomic transformation. My paper has shown many aspects of the market society, by using a number of theorists’ concepts. I focused on the characteristics of a market society, as well as why this transformation from traditional society was so significant. I also discussed the changes that have taken place in the workplace and the impact on the workers, which these material conditions became apparent throughout time. Lastly, I explained Weber’s idea of “economic rationality” and the worldview of people in a market society, to show how workers rationalized the work they put into the production and distribution of material goods. Generally, this paper’s purpose was to show how the market society has established itself over time, and how both material and ideological conditions interacted and changed the ways we view market society today.
In the late 19th century to the early 20th century, evangelical Christians were involved in the American culture. Evangelical Protestants shaped public policy by trying to reform the nation, according to their convictions. That is the case with prohibition. Protestants thought that alcohol destroyed self-discipline and self-control, not just drunkenness. Evangelicals sought to rid the nation of the wickedness of alcohol. William Riley, a baptist pastor in Minneapolis, preached about the immorality of liquor. Riley and various other pastors in the city pressured officials into restricting saloon hours. The prohibition movement continued to grow, several states banned the sale and production of alcohol. Thus in the case of alcohol, evangelical’s conviction was made into...
MacDonald, J. W., and John Clifford Waring Saxton. "Oedipus Rex." Four Stages. New York: St. Martin's, 1967. N. pag. Print.
Before expounding upon these ideas, it is necessary to establish a baseline from which to view these topics. It is important to realize that we as humans view everything from our own cultural perspective. Marx speaks of this saying, "Your very ideas are but the outgrowth of the conditions of your bourgeois production and bourgeois property, just as your jurisprudence is but the will of your class made into a law for all, a will, whose essential character and direction are determined by the economical conditions of existence of your class."
Commodity fetishism has blinded people into believing that value is a relationship between objects, when in reality, it is a relationship between people. This in turn, prevents people from thinking about the social labor condition workers have to endure; they only care and value about how much objects costs. They think that the source of the value comes from the cost, but it truly comes from labor (FC). Through this objectification stems alienation and estrangement. Marx starts with the assumption that humans have an intrinsic quality. As human beings, individuals like to be create and manipulate his or her environment. Creating is a part of people; therefore, people their being into their creations. However, Marx postulates that capitalism and specialized division of labor separates that working class from their creations in four ways- through alienation from the product, the labor process, one’s species-being, and humanity itself. The working class suffers through this hostility to make create more wealth for owners of factories. They get trapped in a cycle to make products for profit, but as automation advances, machines begins to take over people’s jobs; therefore, there less employment opportunities available, which in turn allows factory owners to decrease wages and exploit and devalue the working class (EL). In the The Poverty
In conclusion, Marx states that the worker is alienated from his own life as well as individuality. This level of estrangement from one’s own life can be equated to slavery as he cannot think, make decision or plan for his future life but rather the capitalist is his owner. Labor camps tend to characterize workers as objects which should be act or behave as normal human beings but are required to follow a set routine of activities in the production of products.
Much of Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto discusses the relationship between how a capitalist society produces its’ goods and how this affects the social structure of the society. Throughout the manifesto, Marx used the term mode of production to refer to how a given society structures its’ economic production, it also refers to how a society produces and with what capital the society produces. Human capital plays a large part in Marx’s communist manifesto, concerning himself with the relations of production, which refers to the relationship between those who own the means of production (bourgeoisie) and those who do not own the fruit of their labor (proletariat). This is where Marx believes that one can find the causes of conflict, asserting history evolves through the mode of production. The constant evolution of the mode of production toward a realization of its’ full potential productivity capacity, creates dissensions between the classes of people, which in capitalism, are defined by the modes of production (owners and workers). Marx believes that one such dissension is that since Capitalism is a mode of production based on private ownership of the means of production, and entities within a capitalistic economy produce property to be exchanged to stay competitive, these entities are forced to drive the wage level for its’ labor as low as possible so as to stay competitive. In turn, the proletariat must create means with which they can keep the interests of the bourgeoisie in check, trying to avoid being exploited to the point of extirpation. Marx holds that this example shows the inherent conflicting nature of the social infrastructure of production, which will in turn give rise to a class struggle culminating in the overthrow ...
In the Communist Manifesto we see early versions of essential Marxist concepts that Marx would elaborate with more scientific rigor in mature writings such as Das Kapital. Perhaps most important of these concepts is the theory of historical materialism, which states that historical change is driven by collective actors attempting to realize their economic aims, resulting in class struggles in which one economic and political order is replaced by another. One of the central tenets of this theory is that social relationships and political alliances form around relations of production. Relations of production depend on a given society’s mode of production, or the specific economic organization of ownership and division of labor. A person’s actions, attitudes, and outlook on society and his politics, loyalties, and sense of collective belonging all derive from his location in the relations of production. History engages people as political actors whose identities are constituted as exploiter or exploited, who form alliances with others likewise identified, and who act based on these
Bruce, F.F.. The Epistle of Paul to the Romans. (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1983)
Karl Marx, in the Capital, developed his critique of capitalism by analyzing its characteristics and its development throughout history. The critique contains Marx’s most developed economic analysis and philosophical insight. Although it was written in 1850s, its values still serve an important purpose in the globalized world and maintains extremely relevant in the twenty-first century.
The changes accompany the transition from one epoch to another. In the late nineteenth century labor has become a commodity to the merchants, and the formation of a new mode of production has risen which gave rise to a capitalist society. There is a new class distinction between the laborer and those who owned the means of production.
Sophocles. "Oedipus Rex." Perrines's Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. 7th ed. Ed. Thomas R. Arp. Fort Worth: Harcourt, 1998. 948-953.