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Chapter 3 computer networking
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In this modern times a revolution is taking place. Quietly this revolution has started and grown that it involved the world. A revolution is a sudden change in the way people live (Merriam-Webster). The birth of computer networking started during the early 1970's and began to flourish during the late 1970's. Various manufacturers in the computer industry launched small minicomputers with enough computational power to cater the needs of several users. Because of the cheap prices of such computers, every department in sizable organizations can afford one. In order to interconnect minicomputers and allow swift transfer of information among them, a number of organizations started to install Local Area Networks. Because LAN Technology is both cheap and easy to install, an individual department can buy, install and operate a LAN for their minicomputers without seeking the help of the administration (Comer, 2007)
"In the Beginning, ARPA created the ARPANET. And the ARPANET was without form and void. And darkness was upon the deep. And the spirit of ARPA moved upon the face of the network and ARPA said, 'Let there be a protocol,' and there was a protocol. And ARPA saw that it was good. And ARPA said, 'Let there be more protocols,' and it was so. And ARPA saw that it was good. And ARPA said, 'Let there be more networks,' and it was so" (Cohen, 1989)
The birth of the Internet was in 1962, it even precedes the invention of the term "internet". The world's first 10,000 computers are primal, even though they are costly. They have limited magnetic core memory, and programming each unit is not even close to easy. Locally, data communication that uses the phone is a monopoly of AT&T. The "Picturephone" of 1939, exhibited once more at the New York...
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... local storage unit. There may also be a limit on how much you can store per session. Next one is Slow speed. Uploading and downloading of large documents may take a long time. The last one is Limited features. If you use remote software that’s provided by the storage service to manipulate and modify your data, it usually lacks the features of a program running locally.
Cloud computing remains firm and has great potential for the future despite its disadvantages and the fact that it is still is a working progress. The number of users are constantly growing and bigger companies are starting to be interested, offering better and finer tuned services and solutions. The best thing to do is to hope that the advantages will further grow and flourish and the disadvantages will slowly disappear, since cloud computing seems to have made IT a little bit easier (Morris, 2011).
Cloud is the result of a decade research in the field of distributing computing , utility computing, virtualization , grid computing and more recently software, network services and web technology which is changeable evolution on demanding technology and services also as looking to the rapid growth of cloud computing which have changed the global computing infrastructure as well as the concept of computing resources toward cloud infrastructure. The important and interest of cloud computing increasing day by day and this technology receives more and more attention in the world (Jain, 2014) the mostly widely used definition of cloud computing is introduced by NIST “as a model for enabling a convenient on demand network access
... The history of the internet takes us back to the pioneering of the network and the development of capable technologies. The explosion of the internet’s popularity in the 1990’s was large and dramatic, boosting our economy and then helping to bring it into a major recession. One can only hope that the explosion becomes organized and slightly standardized in the interest of the general public.
A major milestone in the history of telecommunications was the invention of the electric telegraph. It was the beginning of communication via wire. The computer industry is typically thought of as new, but the essential technology of computer networks was developed when Americans were migrating westward. The Magnetic Telephone Company, as well as dozens of other high tech companies of the nineteenth century, followed the railways with miles and miles of telegraph lines. (Derfler & Freed, 2003).
The heart of all this tech revolution is the Internet, which makes any form of communication possible. The Internet has broken all the cost and distance barriers to make everyone more connected than ever before. Cell phones, social networking, webs and emails are the most common means of communications. Cell phones make it possible to communicate with hundreds or even thousands of contact
The Internet is an outgrowth of a military program called "ARPANET," which began in 1969. The ARPANET no longer exists, and today the Internet is an international network of interconnected computers. The Internet is "a unique and wholly new medium of worldwide human communication." People can access the Internet from many different sources, several major national "online services" such as America Online, or CompuServe provide access to their own networks as well as broader li...
Local Area Networks also called LANs have been a major player in industrialization of computers. In the past 20 or so years the worlds industry has be invaded with new computer technology. It has made such an impact on the way we do business that it has become essential with an ever-growing need for improvement. LANs give an employer the ability to share information between computers with a simple relatively inexpensive system of network cards and software. It also lets the user or users share hardware such as Printers and scanners. The speed of access between the computers is lighting fast because the data has a short distance to cover. In most cases a LAN only occupies one or a group of buildings located next to each other. For larger area need there are several other types of networks such as the Internet.
The internet, initially developed by researchers at MIT and UCLA, had first purposes as a communications system between participating Universities. Walt Howe, Director of Libraries at Babson College, explains that the use of the system was limited to engineers, scientists, and those with the complex knowledge of computer operating systems. Because of the complexity involved many attempted to create a more user efficient system, one that home users could adopt. The most modern and user friendly system was pioneered around 1991 at University of Minnesota as a tool to access files and information local...
Throughout the years, there have been hundreds of inventions that have been created to change our way of life. These inventions have ranged from the beginning of time with the wheel through Thomas Edison’s invention of the light bulb, which had been used for years to keep houses lit. Possibly one of the greatest inventions in history that is still used today is the internet, which has made significant changes to how the day to day business is conducted. On October 29, 1969 Lawrence Roberts had created the first two nodes to travel between UCLA and SRI International.
Term Paper: The History of the Internet The Internet began like most things in our society, that is to say that the government started it. The Internet started out as an experimental military network in the 1960s. Doug Engelbart prototypes an "Online System" (NLS) which does hypertext browsing, editing, email, and so on. The Internet is a worldwide broadcasting resource used for distributing information and a source for interaction between people on their computers. In 1973, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to investigate techniques and technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds.
Only five years after Barran proposed his version of a computer network, ARPANET went online. Named after its federal sponsor, ARPANET initially linked four high-speed supercomputers and was intended to allow scientists and researchers to share computing facilities by long-distance. By 1971, ARPANET had grown to fifteen nodes, and by 1972, thirty-seven. ARPA’s original standard for communication was known as “Network Control Protocol” or NCP. As time passed, however, NCP grew obsolete and was replaced by a new, higher-level standard known as TCP-IP, which is still in use today.
The internet is a total of medium¢s which are connected between them with channels of communication. The internet is actually an internet after it connects smaller networks of many countries. The internet rouses the computer and the world of the communications like nothing else before. The invention of the computer, of the telephone, of the telegraph etc, place the stage of this unprecedented completion of faculties. The internet becomes right away a world capability radio broadcast, a mechanism for the distribution of information and a means for the cooperation and the interaction between the individuals and their computers, being indifferent to the geographic place. In 1958 the American ministry of defence created a department called "Advanced Research Projects Agency" – ARPA. Its goal was to create new technologies. In 1968 they created the ARPAnet, a network of computers. For 20 years the internet was a network with precise and enormous in volume computers.
In this day and age, networks are everywhere. The internet has also revolutionized around world. We tend to take for grantedthat computers should be connected together. When it comes to networking, it's hard to believe that the field is still a relatively young one, especially when it comes to hooking up small computers like PCs. In approaching any discussion of networking, it is very useful to take a step back and look at networking from a high level. What is it, exactly, and why is it now considered? So, it important that it is assumed that most PCs and other devices should be networked. Computer network is the best way to take advantage of more than one computer resources by sharing these resources , such as storage space ,
A computer networking and data network is a telecommunication network that allows the computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams. This facilitates communication and resources sharing within huge amount of people in deferent location. Best known as Internet, is the computer network established using either cable media or wireless media. The only system been used before 19th century was postal system, and it would take several days depending distance between sender and the receiver. But now a day by the access of Internet you can communicate with people within seconds, and doesn’t matter where they live or the distance between sender and receiver. Back in days, American Military used Internet and communication first equipment’s to communicate with their soldiers far away in battlefield but now a day we can see over 70% of world population use these equipment. Country like Panama with a population of 3 million people has over 7 million just in cell phones. Does this represent an advance in technology or threat? “I visualize a time when we will be to robots what dogs are to humans, and I'm rooting for the machines.” Said by Claude Elwood Shannon, father of digital communication. He created digital circuit using simple Boolean algebra. As Claude Shannon said now we see people more attached to their computer and cell phones. Studies have shown that with all the technologies that human have he is being less social. Back in days people used to travel and go different places to enjoy with their family. For example, in carnival week people used to go to the interior of the country and some of them would go to Brazil. But now a day, they prefer to stay at home and s...
(1995), p. 35. "The Internet Comes of Age" PC Magazine, May 30, (1995), P. 19 Casey Abell, "Letters", PC Magazine, May 30, (1995), P. 19. Rick Ayre and Don Willmott, "The Internet Means Business", Pc Magazine, May 16, 2007. (1995), p. 197. Bill Kempthorne, "Internet,
After the development and merger of APRAnet and usenet the internet began to grow exponentially. (Diamond, 11). The internet evolved from a small government project to the fastest growing form of communication it is today. (Blom, 2)