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Importance of literature to culture
How literature shapes culture
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In the late 1970s, literary critic Kenneth Burke postulated an interpretive critical method to help explain the intricacies behind human relations and the motives involved in all spheres of society. Commonly referred as dramatism, Burke claims that life, as any captivating film or theatre, is heavily dependent on dramatization in the process of motivating audiences into actions. Closely linked to one of Shakespeare’s acclaimed theatrical texts that reads “all the world is a stage / and all the men and women are merely players,” Burke suggests that the world as we know it functions as a metaphorical stage where humans are actors, writers, directors, and audiences simultaneously—that is, life is not a drama, but rather life is a drama. This
The play that we read for this unit is Too Much Punch For Judy, by Mark Wheeller. It is a form of Verbatim Theatre, meaning that it is based on the spoken words of real people. This play is about the story of a young woman who kills her sister in an alcohol related accident. When I first read the play I couldn’t empathize with the story as I haven’t experienced such a shocking event before. In this essay I will describe, analyse and evaluate both my work and the work of other actors in my group, focusing on the mediums, elements and explorative strategies of Drama.
“A dramatistic explaination appears in terms that performers can comfortably employ in their efforts to stage events” (Pelias and Shaffer 62). This means that the process for understanding text in an aethestic manor needs to be simple and understandable to the performer so it can be clearly related to the audience. So, for the process to be effective it has to be true to reality, otherwise the message of the text will be lost. Pelias and Shaffer describe the questions in Burke’s Pentad as “fundamental of all human action” (62). The simplicity and familiarity of the concepts are comfortable for even the most inexperienced performer.
Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night is a comedy that has been interpreted in different ways, enabling one to receive multiple experiences of the same story. Due to the content and themes of the play, it can be creatively challenging to producers and their casting strategies. Instead of being a hindrance, I find the ability for one to experiment exciting as people try to discover strategies that best represent entertainment for the audience, as well as the best ways to interpret Shakespeare’s work.
At first glance, Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot and Tony Kushner’s Angels in America appear to serve as two individual exercises in the absurd. Varying degrees of the fantastical and bizarre drives the respective stories, and their respective conclusions hardly serve as logical resolutions to the questions that both Beckett and Kushner’s characters pose throughout the individual productions. Rather than viewing this abandonment of reality as the destination of either play, it should be seen as a method used by both Beckett and Kushner to force the audience to reconsider their preconceived notions when understanding the deeper emotional subtext of the plays. By presenting common and relatable situations such as love, loss, and the ways in which humans deal with change and growth, in largely unrecognizable packaging, Kushner and Beckett are able to disarm their audience amidst the chaos of the on stage action. Once the viewer’s inclination to make assumptions is stripped by the fantastical elements of either production, both playwrights provide moments of emotional clarity that the audience is forced to distill, analyze, and ultimately, comprehend on an individual level.
Theatre is an art form that has been shared across cultures for hundreds of years. This art form is extremely versatile in the types of plays, such as comedic, tragedy, and many other genres. Although theatre is thought of a form of entertainment, playwrights have seized the opportunity to inject political opinions into the play to inform the audience about present issues in their lives. Issues that playwrights have incorporated into plays have included stories that people may not be ready to hear but it encourages the audience to look inside themselves and assess their moral standing on certain issues. One subject that has been incorporated into many plays throughout the last century is women’s issues. These plays have challenged the way women
The criticism relies on two assumptions. One, that rhetoric creates reality, and two, that convergence occurs. With regards to rhetoric creating reality we are to assume that the symbolic forms that are created from the rhetoric are not imitations but organs of reality. This is because it is through their agency that anything becomes real. We assume to that convergence occurs because symbols not only create reality for individuals but that individual’s meanings can combine to create a shared reality for participants. The shared reality then provides a basis for the community of participants to discuss their common experiences and to achieve a mutual understanding. The consequence of this is that the individuals develop the same attitudes and emotions to the personae of the drama. Within this criticism the audience is seen as the most critical part because the sharing of the message is seen as being so significant.
Brecht argues that the ultimate purpose of play is to induce pleasure and to entertain, and that--because of this purpose--play needs no justification. Plays should not be simply copied from or seen through older performances, but need to develop on their own to better relate to a new audience. Through the use of alienation which aims to make the familiar unfamiliar, play and theatre can be seen under a new perspective, and the actor can feel more free to perform under a new guise.
“All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players.” William Shakespeare may have written these words in As You Like It in 1600, but Erving Goffman truly defined the phrase with his dramaturgical theory. Dramaturgical analysis is the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance. Unlike actors though, who use a script telling them how to behave in every scene, real life human interactions change depending upon the social situation they are in. We may have an idea of how we want to be perceived, and may have the foundation to make that happen. But we cannot be sure of every interaction we will have throughout the day, having to ebb and flow with the conversations and situations as they happen.
In theatrical performance, the fictional realm of drama is aligned with the factual, or “real” world of the audience, and a set of actors feign re-creation of this factual world. At the same time the audience, by participating as spectators, feigns believability in the mimic world the actors create. It is in this bond of pretense between the on-stage and off-stage spheres of reality—the literal and the mock-literal—that the appeal of drama is engendered. The Merchant of Venice then, like any effective drama, ostensibly undermines realism by professing to portray it. The work contains no prologue to establish dramatic context; it offers no assertion of its status as imitation, a world separate from our own. And yet, the bond of pretense forged between actors and audience prevents the line between the fictional and the factual from being blurred completely. This division allows the device of metatheatricality to emerge as a means by which the play can ally itself with realism, rather than undermining it, by acknowledging its own status as drama.
In K. Burke’s book titled The Philosophy of Literary Form, Burke attempts to explain literary form by spinning up a fictitious tale located in one of the book’s passages. In this story, he asks the reader to imagine oneself entering a parlor, attempting to comprehend an ongoing debate that has captivated everyone in the premises. Eventually, the reader understands enough and speaks up; participating in this dispute, but after endless discussion, nightfall approaches and the reader departs, having given his two cents.
Edmund Burke was a british politition and Philosipher during the time of the Enlightenment and Romanticism from 1765 to 1795. Burke proposed many works that explored the ideas of nature and the natural law. He believed that “the emotional and spiritual life of man as a harmony within the larger order of the universe.” (http://www.britannica.com). According to Burke he described the idea of beautiful as “well-formed and aesthetically pleasing, whereas the sublime is what has the power to compel and destroy us.” (wikipedia.org). He leads us to a singular idea where he leaves no room for imagination at all. In Burkes reading he describes the sublime and beautiful as an idea of terror or horror. Burke says that “ to make any thing very terrible,
In the “Three Greened-Eyed Monsters: Acting as Applied Criticism in Shakespeare's Othello”, Geoffrey Bent claims that actors can serve an important, if not, a better hermeneutic, or a method of interpretation than academic critics. Generally, when one wants to know how a play will turn out they resort to scholar interpretations from the web or renowned universities. Academic critics appear to be credible when claiming bizarre interpretations with just a piece of supporting text. Unfortunately, this form of interpretation seems to shrink the credit given to actors as interpreters, who are dedicated to bringing a piece of text to life. The audience, who has already been influenced by outside sources, often overlook actors when in actuality actor
Theater is a natural outlet for our desire to hear and tell stories, and in some ways it is even more primal and powerful than the written word. At its worst, theater will merely bore; while at its best it will not only entertain but move and shape its audience. Two such genres of theater, or drama, have consistently achieved this effect. Tragedy, represented by the weeping actors’ mask, usually features the title character’s fall from greatness to ruin, guided by the gods or fate. Oedipus Rex, written by Sophocles, is the epitome of classic Tragedy, as defined by Aristotle (96-101). Here, Oedipus falls from kingship to blindness and exile. Drama’s other great genre, Comedy, is represented by the laughing actors’ mask. In Comedy the action is usually propelled by a problem or crisis of some sorts, but unlike tragedy it usually ends well. Lysistrata, written by Aristophanes, is a perfect example of classic Comedy. The farcical story line follows the title character, who rallies the women of Greece to withhold sex from their mates all in the good cause of ending war. At first glance these two genres would seem to have nothing in common with each other. Comedy entails laughter and good feelings while the audience will leave a Tragedy in tears. But the best of Comedy and the best of Tragedy will produce the same affect: catharsis. Catharsis is the purgation and purifying of the emotions, specifically fear or pity. (“Catharsis”) The plays that manage to produce catharsis in their audience are the ones that we return to time and time again. Although catharsis is one of the main objectives of Greek Tragedy (Jacobus 34), Comedy done well will shape and move its audience in the same way. These two classic genres use characters that are co...
Although dramatic action plays a major role in every theatrical performance, the dramatic meaning behind the actions is what gives the performance meaning. In Samuel Beckett’s ‘Waiting for Godot”, looking at the dramatic action alone, it would seem as if there’s no purpose to the play but when combining the action with dramatic meaning it develops a deeper understanding of the relationship the performance has to everyday life. This is represented and shaped through Absurdist theatre conventions such as circular structure, grotesque characters and puppetry/being controlled by invisible forces. These conventions help to develop the elements of drama through the actions, expressions and emotions of the characters. Absurdist theatre does not follow the traditional linear structure of a narrative play, but instead does the exact opposite.
This meaning dramas is often focused on specific topics that an individual is able to apply directly to his or her life. For example, a drama can be based strictly on family issues, financial issues, or even personal issues. This too also enables someone to relate to the plot of a drama. As a result, he or she is on the receiving end to gain knowledge or guidance in their own life. He also believes that drama can teach us about life in a way that is clearer and more vivid than what we are used to living. This also has something to do with an individual receiving knowledge and guidance from a drama that can be applied to their