Introduction
This assignment aims to report the anthrometry affect in jump height between males and females for both squat jump and countermovement jump. By analysing collected kinetic data from participants, by assessing flight time, and timing of the touch down for each participant.
Jumping is one of the fundamental movements that a child learns after walking (Adrian & Cooper 1995). Anderson & Pandy (1993) study said it has been shown that subjects achieve a greater jump height in a countermovement jump, where they start from a vertical position that when in a squatted position, this is true even if body configuration at the start of push off is the same. In many sports jump height is vital in sports like basketball or football. The most common ways of testing height is with a countermovement jump or a squat jump (Acero, Fernandez-del-olmo & Sanchez 2012). These are the two jumps that we are going to focus on.
Method
Subjects
Ten participants (aged 19-21) all of which were studying sports science at university, five female (mean average body mass of 64kg) and five male (mean average body mass of 76kg) were asked to perform a series of different jumps. The participants are all sports performers, and do a range of sports, including, football, basketball and rugby, which some require a good level of jumping ability. Each subject had a trial run of both jumps, so they could get positioning, for each squat accurate.
Procedure
As the subjects do these jumps, jump height and force production were measured. A Kistler 9286B force plate was used alongside a Perform Better, jump mat to collect results for the experiment. The data was collected from the force plate on to a computer, (software used is called Bioware) that showed ...
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...Circumference(Females)—Figure four displays the comparison of vertical jump to calf circumference measurement in the female data. Calf circumference versus jump height in females is shown to have a negative correlation.
Every day we use our skeletal muscle to do simple task and without skeletal muscles, we will not be able to do anything. Szent-Gyorgyi (2011) muscle tissue contraction in rabbit’s muscles and discovered that ATP is a source for muscle contraction and not ADP. He proposed a mechanism to cellular respiration and was later used by Sir Hans Krebs to investigate the steps to glucose catabolism to make ATP. In this paper, I will be discussing the structure of muscle fibers and skeletal muscles, muscle contraction, biomechanics, and how glucose and fat are metabolized in the skeletal muscles.
Anderson, D. I., & Sidaway, B. (2013) Kicking biomechanics: Importance of balance. Lower Extremity Review Magazine.
A standing broad jump is a jump for distance from a standing position. It can be divided into four temporal phases: countermovement, propulsion, flight, and landing. In the countermovement phase, the subject squats to load up and extends the shoulders and the arms. In the propulsion phase, the goal is to generate enough force to propel the body forward. The person must stand erect in full extension of the trunk, hips, and knees. Then, the person flexes at the hip and the knee, which results with the trunk being rotated in a forward direction. Next, the arms become slightly flexed to hyperextension, to full flexion. Prior to the flight phase, the body goes into full extension. The flight phase begins as soon as the feet have left the ground. During this phase, the body stays in full extension or can become hyperextended. Towards the end of the flight phase, the trunk rotates forward in an anterior direction along with minor hip and knee flexion just before landing. During the landing phase, the knees and the hips are in maximum flexion and forward rotation of the trunk. There is also arm movement by moving both arms in the vertical direction to improve jumping distance. At the onset of the jump, the arm swings forward and during landing, they swing back and forth.
The level of athleticism and skill required for a successful vault is overwhelming. Pole-vaulting, a Track and Field event, was introduced to the Olympics in 1896 (The Physics of Pole Vaulting, 2009). The goal of this event is to get over a bar that is set at a certain height using a vaulting pole for a boost. The athlete has three attempts to get over each height; once they have failed the three attempts, they are out of the competition. Athletes that are able to get over the height within the three attempts move on to the next height, which usually increase by 3 to 6 inch increments. Although the vaulting pole is crucial in pole-vaulting, there is more to it then that, all of which play a huge role in how high you get.
[2] Zelick, R. 2014. Muscle Lab Exercise. Bi253 Lab Manual. Portland State University, OR, pp. 1-5
The focus of this paper is mechanically and automatically break down the deadlift. It focuses on the four phases of the deadlift (The lift off, pull through, the lockout, and the lowering phase) as well as the muscles involved in lifting and lowering the load. The sole purpose of the deadlift is for health and fitness. It is a core lift that works nearly every muscle in the body. Muscles from the lower and upper extremities will go through a period of flexion and extension when moving through the phases. The deadlift should be performed safely, and with proper form to avoid injury. This paper shows and demonstrates the proper form of the deadlift. There are also a number of forces acting on the load and the athlete. Gravity and external forces will be an active part of lifting the load. Images and tables are provided in the paper to better understand the movements and muscles used when performing the deadlift.
In this position the athlete stands upright with their feet slightly separated and parallel, the arms hanging easily at the sides with the palms facing the body. When standing still muscles co-contract to stabilise the body and prevent it from falling or flopping due to the effects of gravity. The key joints that stabilize the body are the ankle joint, knee joint, hip joint, vertebral column and the shoulder girdle.
The purpose of the squat is to train the muscles around the knees and hip joints, as well as to develop strength in the lower back, for execution of basic skills required in many sporting events and activities of daily living. Because a strong and stable knee is extremely important to an athlete or patient’s success, an understanding of knee biomechanics while performing the squat is helpful to therapists, trainers, and athletes alike (11). Because most activities of daily living require the coordinated contraction of several muscle groups at once, and squatting (a multi-joint movement) is one of the few strength training exercises that is able to effectively recruit multiple muscle groups in a single movement, squats are considered one of the most functional and efficient weight-bearing exercises whether an individual’s goals are sport specific or are for an increased quality of life
There are many aspects of physics found on the floor. The gymnast performs on a floor that "measures 12 x 12 meters, with an additional safety border of 1 metre. The performance area must have a surface elasticity, to allow for power during take-off and softness for landing." (FIG) The surface elasticity found in the floor mat gives the gymnast extra bounce which increases her momentum.
A basketball Jump shot also known as a jumper is one of the most important shots in the game. Its purpose is for the player to jump, usually straight up and while in the mid-air attempt to score while arcing the ball in the basket. Jumps shots are known for winning games, especially crucial last second shots such as mine but it’s a skill that a player should be familiar and have knowledge of. Although it seems simple and easy its actually is a very detailed and mechanical aspect to the game which is why I choose to analyze the biomechanics of a basketball jump shot.
Dunn, George et al. National Strength and Conditioning Association. National Strength and Conditioning Association Journal. 7. 27-29. 1985.
Speed can be characterized as the velocity of something in a provided guidance. Increasing speed is the vector amount that is characterized as the rate at which an item changes its speed. Jumpers ought to quicken to idle speed and keep up speed through the bounce. Ideal speed is at full speed, however capable and controllable sprint so that the run is steady. The state ought to concentrate on force (see underneath) while the move from the begin ought to display ideal sprint mechanics with the body at 90o with the ground, going at most extreme speed, having foot contacts specifically beneath the hips. Relocation is the vector or the size of a vector from the starting position to a resting position expected of a body. Shot movement can be any anticipated
Gabboth, Tim. "Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). Feb2012, Vol. 26 Issue 2, P487-491. 5p." N.p., n.d. Web.
Physics is a part of everyday life. It is evident in the modern technological devices we use in every day experiences and objects around us. Although physics is understood to be only useful in the classroom, physics can also be applied to one the most popular activities on the planet, basketball. Whether jumping for the ball, or leaping for a slam dunk, the human body follows the same laws of projectile motion as do other objects. The sport that includes shooting, passing, running, and dribbling involves topics covered in physics such as force, friction, effects of air resistance, velocity, air pressure and energy. Basketball also involves factors such as projectile motion in making a basket, gravity and its effects on passing and dribbling, and Newton’s First and Third Law on passing and a number of others.