In 1769, Campomanes published his Juicio imparcial, in which he commented Clement XIII’s Brief from the perspective of the enlightened absolutism promoted by the Bourbon House. In his Juicio imparcial, Campomanes established that the Brief had three basic problems: the assumption of the sovereignty of the Pope over Parma; the establishment of the possibility for the subjects of not being loyal to the Crown; and, finally, the influence of the General of the Jesuits and the Cardinal Torrigiani, over the Brief and Clement XIII’s attitude against the Spanish control on Parma. Thus, Campomanes claims: The Court of Rome, neither obeying the solemn Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (Tratado de Aquisgrán) of 1748, nor the titles of the Infant, being the Monitorio with the pretension of the Pope of being appropriated of the sovereignty of Parma, and Plasencia (Piacenza). This usurpation, along with ordering to the vassals, against the holy vow of loyalty, to disobey their legitimate sovereign in relation to the points the Brief deals with, not only offends the justice, but also …show more content…
Obreption and subreption, and suggestions, are ties that the cunning bonds around all the Princes, and the dignity of the successor of St. Peter cannot get away from them (1769: 6). Despite that Clement XIII’s papacy had been anti-Hispanic in the particular circumstances in which the Pope had to choice between France and Spain, for Campomanes, the direct responsible of the papal intervention in Parma was Cardinal Torrigiani and the Father General of the Jesuits, Lorenzo Ricci. By incriminating him and diffusing the idea that the Jesuits were responsible of the Monitorio de Parma, Campomanes encouraged the Catholic States for pressuring about the suppression of the Company of Jesus, which was committed in 1773, under the aegis of Clement
Fulcher’s version of Urban II’s speech focuses firstly on the reprimands issued by Urban to the People of France for their infighting; He quotes Urban as addressing the council as being “Urged by necessity... come into these parts as an ambassador with a divine admonition” . He reports the Pope as complaining to ...
James Watson Gerard, The Peace of Utrecht: A Historical Review of the Great Treaty of 1713-14, and of the Principal Events of the War of the Spanish Succession (G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1885)
During the reigns of King Louis XIV of France and King Peter I of Russia, also known as Peter the Great, the nobility was under strict control to limit its power and status in society and government. Both autocrats, or absolute rulers, put the nobles in an area separate from the rest of society to keep them under close watch. The kings’ opinion in religion also impacted the status and power of the nobility because most of them were skilled Protestants. This would prove itself as a problem in the long run for Louis XIV. Overall, Peter the Great and Louis XIV despised the nobility and their power in the government and went to many measures to subdue them.
The fourteenth century was an exciting time in Italy. Liberation from old traditions brought about a new interest in the arts and literature. The church's doctrine was no longer the sole basis of scholarly work. New ideas and concepts started to emerge which were unlike anything heard since the fall of Rome. Amongst the great thinkers of this time was a man by the name of Niccolo Machiavelli. (C4. and Wood, p.510) His most famous work was entitled, The Prince. The book is a compilation of historical examples past and present ( present being the sixteenth century), that were intended to guide a prince on the correct way to control his state. It advocated the use of any means necessary to survive in the political world, even if they were not particularly pleasant. (Strathern, p.6)
Prescott, History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic, edition of 1838, i, p. 390; ii, p. 40.
At the beginning of the 17th century, France was a place of internal strife and bickering bureaucrats. The king, Louis XIII, had come to the throne in 1610 at the age of nine, leaving the running of the kingdom to his mother, Marie de Medici. One of her court favorites, Armand de Plessis de Richelieu, rose through the ranks, eventually gaining the title of Cardinal and becoming one of Louis’ key advisors and minister. His political manifesto, Political Testament, was a treatise for King Louis XIII that offered him advice mainly concerned with the management and subtle subjugation of the nobles and the behavior of a prince. Beneath all of the obeisant rhetoric, Richelieu was essentially writing a handbook for Louis XIII on how to survive as a king in a political landscape increasingly dominated by the aristocracy. Richelieu’s ideology shows a pragmatic attitude reminiscent of The Prince, a political work by 15th century Florentine politician Niccoló Machiavelli.
Making the right decisions is an ongoing struggle for man, because making decisions is never easy, and the wrong decision can lead to endless perils. Decisions must be made when dealing with power, loyalty, and trust. Yet, unlike other decisions, ones that are about these three fields are the most important, due to the risk involved, and because of the consequences that might follow.
“You must above all exercise philanthropy”. This is the echoing theme in Julian II’s Letter to a Priest, a document penned by the last Roman pagan Emperor that outlines his plan to let paganism once again be the dominant religion in the Roman Empire. Constantine began the reign of Christianity in the Roman Empire when he rose to the throne in 306 AD. Julian, by contrast, mightily challenged Constantine’s introduction of Christianity as the dominant faith in the Roman Empire. Julian was Constantine’s nephew and the last pagan emperor of the Empire. His beliefs were strongly philosophical, and though he identified as a pagan, he believed mainly in the allegorical merit of the stories told concerning the gods and goddesses. Julian was not satisfied
The Inquisition established by Ferdinand and Isabella not only allowed for the persecution of conversos and Moriscos, but also provided their successors with a systematic form of oppression later expanded to target alternate forms of heresy. The foundation of a unified Catholic kingdom under Ferdinand and Isabella also established economic support from Rome to Spain, which was continued throughout Charles I and Philip II’s reigns by means of the cruzada and income from the Spanish church. Rome’s recognition of the monarchs’ religious policies provided full justification for Spanish inquisitorial authority, and the kingdom’s international influence was further expanded through the foreign explorations funded by Ferdinand and Isabella, which allowed for religious influence and authority to be exerted over the New World. Therefore, from the Crown’s point of view, the monarchs’ religious policies evidently brought more gains than losses to
I was gratified to see that this critic agreed with my interpretation of the Duchess’s demise, viz., the Duke had her murdered. The theory advanced by my brilliant and magnificent Professor had been that the Duke gave her so many orders and restrictions that she pined away. I had been looking at his famous line “And I choose/never to stoop.” He married her for her beauty but would never lower himself to tell her when she angered him.
Because the account is through the viewpoint of the vassal, who feels he has been slighted, we must take what he says about his lords and treatment
A Philosophical Criticism of Augustine and Aquinas: The Relationship of Soul and Body The relationship of the human soul and physical body is a topic that has mystified philosophers, scholars, scientists, and mankind as a whole for centuries. Human beings, who are always concerned about their place as individuals in this world, have attempted to determine the precise nature or state of the physical form. They are concerned for their well-being in this earthly environment, as well as their spiritual well-being; and most have been perturbed by the suggestion that they cannot escape the wrongs they have committed while in their physical bodies.
Vincentio's Machiavellianism, as manifest in the above scene, is centred upon three main elements - his previous laxity, his present need to deflect responsibility and his use of Angelo as an instrument in effecting the enforcement of this "most biting law." Upon closer inspection, both of Measure for Measure and The Prince, we discern that the neglect apparent in the Duke's initial non-enforcement of the law may not really be neglect at all, but rathe...
In Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, Brutus and Cassius are both considered honorable men by the public. But, like all traits, honor is in the eye of the beholder. Honor is defined as evidence or symbols of distinction. Those who are placed in power are often chosen because of their traits, which include being honorable. If those in power have any faults, it could diminish their position in the eyes of the public.
Pollen, John Hungerford. "The Jesuits During the Interim (1773-1814)." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 23 Mar. 2014 .