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Essay of john kepler
Kepler contribution on science
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Johannes Kepler was born the son of a poor mercenary solider in 1571 in Weil der Stadt, Wurttemburg in the Holy Roman Empire. He began his education in Wurttemburg through a scholarship program designed to produce teachers and Lutheran pastors. In 1589, Kepler entered the theological seminary at the University of Tubingen. It was here that he first learned of Copernican astronomy from Michael Maestlin. The University of Tubingen awarded Kepler his MA in 1591. In 1594 Kepler interrupted his theological studies and accepted an appointment as a mathematics teacher at the Lutheran school in Graz, however, he was later dismissed from the position in 1600 due to religious persecution and a standing order for all Lutherans to leave the district. Earlier that year, Kepler temporarily worked with the Emperor Rudolf II's Imperial Mathematician, Tycho Brahe. . Kepler later traveled to Prague to join Brahe and work as his assistant until Brahe's death in 1601, whereby Kepler was appointed successor as The Imperial Mathematician. The appointment was the most prestigious honor in all of Europe for mathematics during his time.
While working as Brahe's assistant, Kepler was given the task of studying and attempting to understand the orbit for planet Mars. The orbit of Mars was particularly difficult because Copernicus had correctly placed the Sun at the center of the Solar System, but had erred in his assumption of circular planetary orbits. After numerous experiments and mathematical calculations, he finally realized the obits of the planets were in fact not circular as Aristotle had previously insisted and Copernicus assumed correct, but in fact were more elliptical in shape. The fact that Mars has the most elliptical of all orbits that Kepler had data on lead to Kepler eventually formulating the correct theory for the Solar System. After Brahe's death Kepler was able to obtain all of Brahe's data and observations. Utilizing the voluminous and precise data of Brahe, Kepler was able to use his realization of the elliptical orbits of the planets to formulate his Three Laws of Planetary Motion, his most important achievement and the one history most notably remembers him for.
Kepler's first law of planetary motion is " The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse." The Sun is not at the center of the ellipse but is at one focus. The planet then follows the ellipse in its orbit meaning the planet-Sun distance is constantly changing as the planet goes around its orbit.
Copernicus was born in Torun Poland on February 19, 1473. His parents both died when he was very young so he was sent to live with his uncle who was a high ranking official in the Church. Copernicus studied canon law, medicine, astronomy, Greek, philosophy, and mathematics. His diversified fields of study led him to hold the positions of physician, teacher, member of parliament, and canon law expert for the Church. At the age of twenty Copernicus left Poland for Italy for the purposes of schooling and work. Copernicus released his theory of a sun centered universe in his book "On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres" which was published in 1543. This is the same year in which he died at the age of 70. Copernicus waited to release his book until on his deathbed because he feared reprisal from the Church and his peers. Copernicus said he "saw his completed work only at his last breath apon the day that he died." Before Copernicus the world believed in the Ptolemaic model of the universe. Ptolemy was a Greek astronomer who developed his model in 150 A.D. This model held that the Earth was at the center of the universe and that all of the planets, moons, and stars rotated around the Earth in different spheres. It also said that everything in space was made up of "perfect" material that was unchangeable. Ptolemy based his model on the teachings of Aristotle.
Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473 in Thorn, Poland. He was the youngest son of four children and the son of a prosperous merchant. Following his father's death, his Uncle Lukas Watzelrode, bishop of Ermland, adopted him. Copernicus began his studies in Thorn and then at the University of Cracow where he studied mathematics and became very interested in humanistic studies.1 Copernicus left Cracow for Italy where he went to the Universities of Bologna and later Padua. He studied many different subjects including mathematics, canon law, and astronomy. Copernicus received a degree in medicine at the University of Padua, and went on to receive his doctorate from the University of Ferrara in canon law.
In the year of 1473, on the 19th of February, a soon-to-be, well remembered, mathematician/astronomer was born in the city of Torun, Poland. Born with the name of Nicolaus Copernicus, he was the fourth and youngest child of Nicolaus Copernicus Sr., and Barbara Watzenrode. Copernicus was, technically, born into German heritage. That being said, his primary language was german, bt many scholars believe he spoke fluently in Polish also. At ten years of age, the unfortunate happened to Nicolaus; His father passed away. After the passing of Nicolaus Sr., a maternal uncle stepped in and took over the parenting role. Nicolaus’ uncle took matters into his own hands to make sure Copernicus acquired the most outstanding education possible. Copernicus enrolled in the University of Cracow in the year of 1491. While at the university, he studied painting and mathematics. At that time, Copernicus took no classes over astronomy. Nicolaus developed a growing interest in cosmos and books. He then started a collection of books on astronomy. Following Nicolaus’s graduation from Cracow in 1494, he returned back to the city Torun. Copernicus's uncle had already had a job as a cannon arranged for him prior to his arrival. This job at Frombork Cathedral, was usually only given to priests. Such a fortunate and unusual opportunity, Copernicus took the job. He then held that job for the rest of his life. The position of a cannon allowed him to fund money to continue his studies for as long as he desired. There was really only one major downfall of the job. It took up a lot of his time, leaving him very little free time. It came to the point where academics had to come second. In the year of 1496, Nicolaus took a leave from his job. Not a two-week leave,...
Martin Luther was born to Hans Luder and his wife Margarethe on November tenth, 1483, in Eisleben, Saxony, which was then part of the Holy Roman Empire. Since he was his father’s firstborn, his father wanted him to pursue being a lawyer, which was a good job even at that time. However, since his school focused mainly on persuasive speaking and writing, grammar, and logic, Luther came to despise it. The only aspect of it that he appreciated was that it sparked him into having an early interest in monastic life. He then went on to go to the University of Erfurt, where he learned arithmetic, astronomy, geometry and philosophy. (wikepedia.org) He graduated and received a master’s degree in 1505. (History.com staff. Martin Luther and the 95 Theses)
Galileo was born in February of 1564 to a poor family that resided in Pisa, Italy. Galileo’s father was a composer and musical therapist, but he also supported his family through working in the wool trade. Galileo and his family moved to Florence, Italy in the 1570s, and here Galileo began to attend
The first record of the movement of the planets was produced by Nicolaus Copernicus. He proposed that the earth was the center of everything, which the term is called geocentric. Kepler challenged the theory that the sun was the center of the earth and proposed that the sun was the center of everything; this term is referred to as heliocentric. Kepler’s heliocentric theory was accepted by most people and is accepted in today’s society. One of Kepler’s friends was a famous person named Galileo. Galileo is known for improving the design and the magnification of the telescope. With improvement of the telescope Galileo could describe the craters of the moon and the moons of Jupiter. Galileo also created the number for acceleration of all free falling objects as 9.8 meters per second. Galileo’s and Kepler’s theories were not approved by all people. Their theories contradicted verses in the bible, so the protestant church was extremely skeptical of both Galileo and Kepler’s
The team of Tycho Brahe and John Keppler were the next to study Copernicus’ theory. Brahe tried to disprove Copernicus’ theory and tried to prove the idea of the earth-centered universe. Although Keppler was Brahe’s assistant, he argued for Copernicus and analyzed Brahe’s data to conclude that the sun was the center of the universe. Keppler also used Brahe’s data to discover the movement of the planet Mars. This was the key to explaining all planetary motion. ii He also discovered the planets move in elliptical orbits, which also went against the beliefs of the church. Kepp...
This paper is an overview of the Kepler spacecraft and its mission in space. According to the National Aeronautics and Space Association (NASA), Kepler, named after Renaissance astronomer Johannes Kepler, “is a space observatory launched.to discover Earth-like planets orbiting other stars.” Kepler does this by searching for planets within our galaxy that have a similar size to Earth within a habitable zone. A habitable zone is a distance between the planet and its star, where water can exist on the planet’s surface. Additionally, Kepler is aimed at searching for planets with similar one-year orbits to that of Earth.
Galileo began teaching private mathematics in Florence, and then during 1585-86 at Siena where he held a public appointment. During the summer of 1586 he wrote his first scientific book The Little Balance (La Balancitta) which described Archimedes' method of finding the relative densities of substances using a balance. In the following year he traveled to Rome to visit Clavius who was professor of mathematics there. A topic which was very popular with mathematicians at this time was centers of gravity and Galileo brought with him some results which he had discovered on this topic. But even though he impressed Clavius with his knowledge on various subjects, Galileo failed to gain a job to teach mathematics at the University of Bologna.
Sir Isaac Newton was born in Woolsthorpe, England on January 4, 1643. He was underdeveloped and very small as a baby, being born a couple months premature to his mother, Hannah Newton. From the time he was a toddler, Newton lived with his grandmother (his father died three months prior to his birth and his mother moved away to get remarried to prosperous minister). Newton would fill his need for parents with God. As a boy, he studied the Bible for days on end, finding inspiration and developing his spiritual character. In fact, his grandmother decided she would enroll him in a school for the mentoring of future ministers. These events would cause Newton to develop a relentless work ethic.
No two astronomers made quite as significant contributions to their field during the European renaissance like Nicholas Copernicus and Tycho Brahe. There were serious flaws to the widely-accepted Ptolemaic model of the solar system, and these two scientists sought out to correct those flaws. While their approaches and models were very different, the most prominent and new feature of their models were revolutionary and accepted today.
Johannes Kepler derived three laws of planetary motion that described the interaction of the heavenly bodies within our solar system. The first of these laws explained the structure of movement of the Sun and planets. Using his observations of the trajectory of the planet Mars through the Earths night sky he was able to determine that the planet orbits in a pattern around the sun. His observations of the visible planet trajectories was consistent night after night and from the consistency it gave way that the planet must travel within a plane then utilizing his knowledge of geometry and mathematics he determined that this orbit must be that of an ellipse with two foci, or focal points, where in one of the foci is the sun. From his experience of observing the planet Mars he deduced that all the other planets, including Earth, traverse around the sun in an elliptical fashion. Through straight observation of an objects path over time was what Kepler deduced an actual scientific theory?
There are three laws to Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. The first law states “The path of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus. (The Law of Ellipses)”. Next, the second law states “An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time. (The Law of Equal Areas)”. Finally, the third law states “The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the sun. (The Law of Harmonies)”. Kepler was one of the first to incorporate the field of physics and the field of astronomy. This caused some controversy, however his ideas became more widely read and accepted after his
Johannes Kepler's book Astronomia Nova, or 'The New Astronomy' was published in 1609, and is a 650 page treatise that records Kepler's efforts of ten years to understand Mars' orbit. Kepler called this his 'warfare with Mars', who was the Greek god of war. Kepler's studies attempted to understand the physical dynamics of the Solar System and its organisation. Kepler's book Astronomia Nova is very unique because it not only presents his discoveries, but also the process which made him reach the discovery.
Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15th, 1564. His father, Vincenzo was a music teacher and musician. After his family moved to Florence, Galilei was sent to a monastery to be educated. He was so happy there that he decided to become a monk, but his father wanted him to be a medical doctor and brought him home to Florence. He was never really interested in medicine and studied mathematics at the University of Pisa. He was especially interested in famous mathematicians like Euclid (geometry) and Archimedes. In fact in 1586 he wrote his first book about one of Archimedes theories. He eventually became head of mathematics at the University of Pisa where he first wrote about a very important idea that he developed. It was about using experiments to test theories. He wrote about falling bodies in motion using inclined planes to test his theories.