Some political scientists and authors believe that Mohammad Ali Jinnah was a nationalist who made considerable efforts for Hindu Muslim unity in the initial phase of his political career and in the later phase of his career, his ideology changed from nationalism to communalism
Ayesha Jalal ,the author of ‘The Sole Spokesman’ provides some arguments in favour of Jinnah’s efforts for Hindu Muslim Unity. “The Khilafat Movement” was launched in India by the Indian Muslims in support of the Calif or the ottoman emperor against the British. Mahatma Gandhi extended support to this movement so as to unite Hindus and Muslims for his Non-cooperation movement.This decision of Gandhi was opposed by Jinnah (Jalal 1999). According to Jalal (1999), Jinnah
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Jinnah’s communal approach was instrumental in formation of Pakistan. But was Jinnah solely responsible for the partition of India?
There are many views on this question. Some believe that Jinnah was solely responsible for creation of Pakistan.
It is stated that: Mohammad Ali Jinnah feared that Muslims would be excluded from prospects of advancement if it is ruled by a Hindu social organisation. Due to this reason he transformed the league into an instrument to unite the Indian Muslims. He then emerged as a leader of Muslims and under his leadership, the league adopted the resolution to form separate muslim state in 1940. Though Congress and the British were against this, Jinnah led the movement with such a great skill that it forced Congress and the British to accept the partitioning of India. (Mohammad Ali Jinnah,2015,Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, Retrieved March 15,2015
Before WW1, the Middle East was dominated by outside powers. Egypt was under British control and Persia was divided in to Russian and British spheres of influence. The Ottomans tried to promote change with the Tanzimat reforms which allowed some industrialization and modernization. However, in 1908, the Young Turks took over and attempted faster change. Unfortunately, the Young Turks sided with the Germans in WW1, so the Middle East was directly involved in the war. The Ottomans were the losers and their empire was broken up. The Arabs were disappointed because they had rebelled against Ottoman rule and sided with the Allies in an effort to attain an independent Arab nation. Rather, the British and French placed a mandate on the Arab regions of Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, and Palestine. Under the Balfour declaration (1917), the British granted a Jewish tolerance in Palestine and alienated the Arabs in these territories in response to the persecution in Germany. Thus, the Jewish population rose by twenty percent and the World Zionist Organization was created to increase Jewish migration. In 1932, the conservative state of Saudi Arabia was created by Ibn Saud since he was able to rid the Ottomans out of the Arab peninsula. In 1938, the discovery of oil marked the beginning of economic modernization that only aided the elites of...
...xtent Gandhi achieved a moral victory as well as a political one. For adherents of faiths that encourage peace, it is also a religious one.
In few months Malcolm made a Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca where he for the first time realized the different races among the traditional Muslims. They believed in unity. He returned to Ame...
...ernment of India Act was passed in 1935 granting self-rile in India and democratic political reforms. However, as India got closer to independence, Hindus and Muslims began to disagree on government but in 1947 independence was granted. Immediately after independence India was split into two different nations, Pakistan, which had a majority of Muslim, and East Pakistan (“The End of Imperialism & Colonialism”).
Gandhi. Gandhi was trained as a lawyer in Britain and fought for human rights in apartheid South Africa. Later on, Gandhi returned to his homeland to fight for independence from the Empire that the sun never sets on. Gandhi achieved this goal through peaceful resistance. But the euphoria of liberation was short lived. Muhammed Jinnah, a comrade and leader of the Indian Independence movement, demanded that a separate nation be made for Indian Muslims. That nation would become Pakistan and Gandhi would regret not doing more to prevent the disunity until he was killed by an assassin's bullet while going to pray in his garden. To this day, Pakistan and India hold a very bitter taste in their mouths towards one another. Furthermore, the racism towards Indians has also risen in Britain since the former's liberation. The racial slur "coolie" is to English Indians what "nigger" is to African
During the Cold War, many regional conflicts occurred and were noted as the significant battles which later led to decolonization. One of the regional conflicts were India and Pakistan fighting for their independence. In 1947, India was released under Great Britain’s control and gained its independence. However, the country was divided between Muslims and Hindus, which share different religions. Muslims wanted church and state to become unified while Hindus wanted a separation of these two establishments. Since these two ethnic groups disagreed, it was difficult to create a new government. Therefore, India was divided into two nations: India for the Hindus and Pakistan for the Muslims. Hindus and Muslims were racing to the border in order to get to their nation state which led to killing 500,000 people due to rioting. Although, Mohandas Gandhi, an Indian National Congressman, wanted to obtain peace between these two religions. Pakistan refused the H...
Ernest, William. "The Limits of Universalism in Islamic Thought: the Case of Indian Religions." The Muslim World 101 (2011): n. pag. N/A. Web. 29 Apr. 2014.
Within the context of the period 1847-1947 to what extent was Indian independence primarily the result of the growth of Indian nationalism?
Gandhi was pissed and so he withdrew from public life once again. Just them in 1935 the British gave the Indians a great amount of rights but they were not happy.
Introduction In late 1947, the newly created states of India and Pakistan went to war over the valley of Kashmir. A United Nations brokered ceasefire divided the state into Indian and Pakistani controlled territories, and resolved that a referendum would be held in which the people of Kashmir would be able to choose to join either country. The referendum has not been held to date. India granted its portion of Kashmir a special status within its constitution, allowing for a great degree of self-autonomy.
“The strongest physical force bends before moral force when used in the defense of truth.” - Mahatma Gandhi (Bondurant). Mahatma Gandhi was the main leader in helping India become independent through the principles of non violence, self-rule, and the unity of Hindus and Muslims. His full name was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, but he was given the name Mahatma later on in his life. He wanted to see an united India without the rule of the British Empire. He accomplished this with passive resistance or resistance by non violence because he wanted to show that violence is not always the best answer.
...tween the Hindus and Muslims, Jinnah felt that Muslims had no future in India (Overfield 216). With the end of British rule in 1947, not only did India gain its independence but also along with it was born an other country, Pakistan where Jinnah served as the first governor (Overfield 216). With the gain of India’s independence, Gandhi was shot the following year in 1948 by a Hindu zealot who resented his commitment to Hindu – Muslim harmony (Overfield 212).
Mujtaba, Syed Ali. "Nationalism In An Age Of Globalization – An Indian Experience." 21 January 2008. Indian Muslims. 12 November 2011 .
During Muhammad’s time, he united many areas in Arabia and was able to establish a religious communi...
Khan, Sir Muhammad Zafrullah (1989). Islam: Its Meaning for Modern Man. New York & Evanston: Harper & Row.