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1. How did the conditions for Jew and Christians change with the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula and why were the Christians there more disaffected than the Jews?
After the Muslims conquered the entire Iberian Peninsula the new comers treated the Iberian people the conquered that is both Christians and Jews as dhimmi-people who belonged to a tolerated religion. Jews and Christians had the right to practice their religion and establish their own communities. In return they had to obey Muslim laws, pay special taxes and suffer discrimination and humiliation depending on the whim ruler. Christians were also allowed to maintain most of their churches and the organization of the Church and most activities that were carried out in the churches
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remained mostly intact, with the exception of the confiscation of many Catholic properties. Christians were less satisfied with Muslim rule and they fought often to gain control over peninsula. During this era the Jews faced persecution. 2. What alternatives did Iberian Jews have if Muslim rulers demanded they convert to Islam? Some of the Jews fled to the north as well. In order to become Jews again they had to leave Cordoba. For ten years the family moved from place to place in Spain before settling morocco. 3. Why do historians consider King Ferdinand III of Castile to be one of the most tolerant Christian rulers in Iberia? Historians consider King Ferdinand III of Castile as one of most tolerant because he was able to rule his kingdom in northern Spain from 1230 to 1252 and he declared himself as the “king of three religions”. 4. What role did the Dominicans and Franciscans, and Ferran Martinez in particular, play in the worsening relations between Jews and Christians in Iberia? Dominicans and Franciscans, and Ferran Martinez began a campaign against Jews in Castile. In each and every Sermon he called on Christians to expel all the Jews from Spain. In December, Martinez ordered priests in his diocese to destroy all synagogues in their areas. He and his followed attacked the Jews of Seville the capital of Castile. They murdered hundreds of Jews in their homes and countless more in the streets. 5. What similarities can one point to between the anti-Semitic rioters of Northern Europe and Iberia in the 14th century? The rioters consisted mainly of workingmen and artisans who were deeply in debt to Jews. In both northern Europe and Iberia, the violence was followed by increased pressure on Jews to convert. 6. What measures did the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon take against the Jews toward the end of the 14th century? Jews were forced to attend sermons in which Christian preachers showed them the “errors” of their beliefs and therefore new laws were passed that segregated Jews from the Christians outlawed the Talmud and other rabbinic literature and there was limitation of occupations that were still open for Jews. 7. Why advantages were there for the Jews of Castile and Aragon to become conversos? They were entitled to all rights and privileges other Christians enjoyed and they were quick to take advantage of this change in their status. They entered new occupations even while some continued in traditionally “Jewish” ones like money lending and tax collection. They made most of their economic and social opportunities. 8. Why did the Catholics begrudge the conversos or “New Christians?” There was introduction of spark which was not a popular tax and this led to a riot. The mob turned its anger not only to the tax collectors but also the other conversos. They accused the new Christians of practicing Jewish customs and rituals. 9. What were the reactions of catholic in Toledo, (then the capital of the kingdom of Castile, and later the kingdom of Spain from 1474 to 1561) to the growing power and influence of conversos? They responded to those accusations made to conversos by not defending them but by requiring purity of blood as a proof of being a true Christian. 10. In what ways did the creation of a single kingdom of Spain under the king Ferdinand and Queen Isabella impact the lives of Catholics and Jews before1492? The king Ferdinand and Queen Isabella created the Spanish inquisition primarily to deal with rumors of Judaizing by Conversos. New laws restricted the freedom of Jews in order to segregate them from Christians of both sides. 11.
What reasons did Ferdinand and Isabella give for expulsion of Jews from their new kingdom?
They claimed that the presence of Jews had resulted in great damage and detriment of their catholic faith.
12. What conditions did Ferdinand and Isabella give Jews under their order of expulsion?
After so much deliberation they resolved that the Jews to be ordered to leave the kingdom and never to be allowed to come back. Any Jew who remained in Spain would incur punishment by death and confiscation of all their belongings.
13. How unique was the Spanish expulsion of Jews in European history?
Anti-Jewish sentiment in the Christian Spain now erupted and was accompanied with great violence against the country's prosperous, well-established Jewish community. The Spanish cities were also engulfed in ferocious pogroms that destroyed much property and claimed many lives.
14. How did the pattern of European expulsions shape the lives of many European Jews?
Most Europeans considered religious unity a good idea but only Spain rulers believed that it was essential to build a strong Nation. They were forced to pay more money so as to acquire permanent settlements in the country. Most of them had to suffer so much as they were sent away from one place to another before they could
settle. 15. Where did the Spanish Jews find refuge and under what conditions? The task of finding a new hope was so complicated. Moving from one country to another was never easy for the Jews. Jews were not only expelled from Spanish but also other areas. Those expelled from England, France, and the various German States headed for Eastern Europe. Some Jews from Spain, Portugal, parts of Italy settled in Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe.
A Vanished World: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Medieval Spain is survey medieval Spain, where Christians, Jews, and Muslims once lived side by side and the Muslims were in charge. The book tries to lead the reader to the conclusion that there is indeed a historical precedent for the three major religions establishing a beneficially symbiotic relationship which may be an enduring lesson for coexistence. The author, Chris Lowney, is an ex-Jesuit and holds degrees in medieval history and philosophy.
The reconquest took a long time due to the fact that the Christian kingdoms Castile and Leon had split apart in the 10th century. At the time, the Muslims were called the Moors who had lost a vast amount of their unity within these long battles. Aragon was formed in 1035 as a new Christian peninsula, which would later unite back with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula. As kings died and new heirs gained the throne, slowly Reconquista was occurring. The Moorish culture was not fully annihilated from Spain; Toledo became the crossroads for people of all different religions and cultures. Escuela de Traductores was developed in Castile after they had completed their part in the reconquest. Among all of this, existing tensions between Portugal, Aragon, and Castile had vanished and the states consolidated their holdings. Two very powerful leaders, Ferdinand and Isabella, united the Spanish Crown through their marriage and together, they were able to complete the conquest of
The Ottomans and Spanish built flourishing empires based on different philosophies from 1450 to 1800. The Ottoman and Spanish were two powerful empires during that time. During the building of the two empires, the Spanish and the Ottoman both developed similarities in their social, political, and economic structures. The Ottoman took control of Europe, while the Spanish saw it as easy to monitor new lands. The different tactics employed made the both empires flourish. For instance, the Spanish were not tolerant of religion. They conquered other areas with the aim of converting Christians to Islam, if they refused, they would be killed. On the other hand, the Ottoman leaders incorporated leaders of diverse culture
Finally, when it came down to the types of ceremonies and views both civilizations had, they were on two different pages. The Natives believed happiness was the key to good fortune. So, in order to get that fortune, they’d do sacrifices, and rituals to please the “mighty ones”. Then, as stated in the book “A History of Latin America”, it says, “Jews publicly converted to Christianity to avoid the torture…”, In which, this showed how religion and the spiritual views were forced upon people in the Spanish civilization.
Judaism is practiced by about 500,000 Jews in the region. Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil host large communities and are faced with large amounts of anti-semitism leftover from Spanish hatred. The Jewish and Muslims were forced out of Spain, even those who had converted to catholicism, by the Spanish Inquisition. This systemic hatred had taken root in Latin America (Class Notes).
Although it may not have seemed fairly difficult in theory, The Pope along with the Crown of Spain set out with the goal to convert the Native Americans. One decisive factor that challenged that decree of conversion was the economic benefits that Spain would receive. This would eventually change the agendas of Spain, and ultimately it would indirectly make those living in the New World choose: Spain or Religion? This was not said in these exact words, but people, especially religious orders would have to choose to fight for what they believed in, or to follow the orders straight from the Spanish Crown.
The town council tried to protect the Jews, but the council was overthrown. They replaced the council with new anti-semitic members. This caused 900 of the 1,884 Jews in Strasbourg to be killed. This continued all over Europe; many Jewish communities had been destroyed and over 350 massacres had taken place. At this time, the Muslims tolerated the unassimilated communities in the Middle East.
When the Muslims invaded Spain in 712, people were happier because they were being treated better than they had been by the Visigoths. The Muslims even allowed the Serfs, who were agricultural laborers bound under a feudal system, to get promoted in their social standing in society and become freemen. This could happen if they simply converted to Islam. Once the Muslims took over, it gave Jews a chance to recover from persecutions from the Christians who ruled before. The Muslims would not harass people whose religion was not Islam, because they understood that some communities had their own religion which was important to them. Jews were also treated better, and were not as low class in the community as they had been under the Visi...
...r of the bigotry and the persecution that took place. It is only one of many persecuting acts that are piled on top of Jewish history. Many Christians look back onto the Inquisition with shame and humidity. The Spanish Inquisition has inflicted untold amounts of damage onto the Spanish society and everyone else’s. It was one of the worst religious acts of ignorance and bigotry ever orchestrated by a group of people.
The Jewish people's problems began long before the Common Era; they were persecuted long ago by King Nebuchadnezzer. Because of the treaty that was signed with King Nebuchadnezzer the Jews were uprooted from their home in Jerusalem and were forced into exile in the city of Babylon. The Jews were not treated poorly, though they were bitter because of being taken away form their beloved Jerusalem. Due to this bitterness they became more intensely Jewish than ever before. (1)
The initial response of the inquisition was predetermined by the anti-Jewish judgment increased by the black plague in Spain. The lack of scientific development meant that Jews were blamed for the plague pandemic during 1347 to 1350. At the time the Jewish community was an important part of the Spanish economy, as the only moneylenders the King and Queen attempted to protect them. However, measures to stop the plague continually failed this further fuelled hatred towards the Jewish population. By 1492 King Ferdinand and Isabella created the Alhambra Decree that expelled Jews from their territories. They went into great detail to create a subtle form of propaganda, indoctrinating the public into believing Jews were a form of ‘disease’ that would infect good Christians. The converts that were left in the Iberian Peninsula became the main target of the inquisition. These converts called conve...
The discrepancies of beliefs between Natives’ and Europeans’ and ambitious evil purpose both contributed the conflict. For Europeans in 15th century, the Catholicism was a major belief, and for Natives
...th empires. The Indian overlords made no attempts to assimilate the other cultures to their own and thus provided the basis for a full scale revolt against them. With diligent work by missionaries, the Spaniards tried to bring together the people of present-day Mexico and the southwestern United States by converting them to Christianity. The resulting extension of the Spanish empire, New Spain, was the most strongly united of the American empires for years to come.
They were brutally persecuted and were not allowed to practise their religion, because they said that the beliefs taught by the Anglican church were against the Bible. When they arrived in the New World, they were confronted with numerous threats from the outside. Their trying to take land away from the Indians caused many fights and attacks. Moreover, they had to deal with the total wilderness surrounding them. Under these frontier conditions, they needed harmony and peace inside the community in order to survive.
In the fifth century Barbarians collapsed the Roman Empire and Europe entered the Dark Ages. Around this time the Visigoths expanded their empire by heading for Spain. Upon arriving in Spain, the Visigoths encountered Jews whom they treated somewhat gently until the Visigoths converted to Catholicism; the Visigoths then overran Jews. Soon after, Muslims from North Africa known as Berbers decided to invade the Iberian Peninsula in hopes to take control of Spain and expand the Muslim reign, which they did. This sudden change in rule of the territory provided a sense of relief for all the people living in Spain. The reason for this was because the Muslims treated everyone equally so long as they abided by Muslim authority and paid taxes. After all, the Christians...