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Consequences of youth crimes
Biological theory in criminology
Consequences of youth crimes
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You may have always wondered if there was a correlation between social behaviour and biological functioning. At the back of my mind I am reminded of the almighty biblical “freewill” as a tool to readjust the resultant antisocial behaviour. With the human species it is difficult to assume 100% causal relationship hence it is safe to look at mediating factors that result in a person's antisocial behaviour. Barnes et al (2016) suggests that if one is to gain a greater understanding of Antisocial behaviours one must look at several domains and they include Evolutionary criminology, Biological criminology, Behaviour genetics, Molecular genetics and Neurocriminology. However, on the predictive side, increasingly, studies are examining whether the …show more content…
He was nevertheless a particularly troublesome child from the beginning. This behaviour progressed from temper tantrums at 2years of age, abusing alcohol at 10years of age, being arrested for burglary at 11years of age, abusing drugs as a teenager, to killing his first victim at the age of 20years. After escaping from prison, he perpetrated his second killing and was sentenced to death. While he was on death row in Arizona for this second homicide, another death-row inmate noticed an eerie resemblance between Landrigan and Darrel Hill, an inmate he had met on death row in Arkansas. It transpired that Hill was the biological father of Landrigan — a father Landrigan had never met. Hill, like his son Landrigan, was a career criminal who also abused drugs and also killed twice. Hill’s father — Landrigan’s grandfather — was also an institutionalized criminal who had been shot to death by police. Landrigan’s great-grandfather was a notorious bootlegger. Hill had seen Landrigan only briefly as he hid two .38 pistols and the narcotic medicine Demerol under his baby son’s mattress — an action that was unintentionally prophetic of Landrigan’s future drug abuse and violence. As a fourth-generation criminal, Landrigan’s case documents not just the intergenerational transmission of violence but also illustrates how the adoption design separates the genetic influences of the biological parents …show more content…
He chose the treatment programme but was expelled after propositioning female staff. The night before he was due to be transported to prison, he went to the emergency room complaining of a severe headache. There he continued to solicit sexual favours from staff. An astute neurologist ordered an MRI scan after Michael wet his trousers without showing any apparent concern. The MRI revealed a tumour growing from the base of the orbitofrontal cortex. After the tumour was resected, Michael’s behaviour returned to normal, and he was reunited with his wife and stepdaughter. After several months of normal behaviour, his wife discovered child pornography on his computer. Michael was re-examined, and it was discovered that the tumour had regrown. It was resected for a second time, and for at least 6years after the resection Michael’s behaviour has returned to normal. The case comes almost as close as one can get to a causal connection between ventral prefrontal brain pathology and deviant behaviour — a pendulum moving from normality to brain dysfunction to paedophilia to neurosurgery to normality, and back again. In the face of the order in which events occurred, was Michael responsible for his inappropriate sexual behaviour with his stepdaughter?” Even though I believe that we are responsible for our actions and the resultant rewards or punishment, there is a need to “treat” the offender looking at other domains
Worling, J .(2012). The assessment and treatment of deviant sexual arousal with adolescents who have offended sexually. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 18(1), 36-63. doi: 10.1080/13552600.2011.630152
punishment is an asset to society: it is the only punishment that fits the crime, it deters potential criminals
Crime causation began to be a focus of study in the rapidly developing biological and behavioral sciences during the 19th century. Early biological theories proposed that criminal behavior is rooted in biology and based on inherited traits. Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909), an Italian army prison physician, coined the term “atavism” to describe “the nature of the criminal”...
Nature vs. nurture has been one of the oldest and most debated topics among psychologists over the years. This concept discusses whether a child is born into this world with their developmental work cut out for them or if a child is a “blank slate” and their experiences are what shape them into who they are. Over the years and plenty of research, psychologists have all mostly come to agree that it’s a little bit of both. Children are both born with some genetic predispositions while other aspects of the child’s development are strongly influenced by their surrounding environment. This plays into the criminal justice system when discussing where criminal behavior stems from. Is a criminal’s anti-social behavior just part of their DNA or is it a result of their upbringing? The answer to this question is not definite. Looking at research a strong argument can be made that criminals developed their anti-social patterns through the atmosphere in which they were raise, not their DNA.
...& Snipes, J. (2010). Biological Factors and Criminal Behavior.Vold's theoretical criminology (6th Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Nurture versus nature has been a long-standing debate. Nature, also known as pro-heredity in this essay, is about what a person’s genetic predispositions are related to behavior and intentions. The Monoamine Oxidase A gene (MAO-A) has earned the nickname “warrior gene” because it has been linked to aggression in observational and survey-based studies (Johnson and Tingley). In an actual study, a man named Jim Fallon, who has studied the biological basis for behavior for nearly 20 years, discovered he had the particular variant, MAO-A, that diminishes the calming effects of serotonin. Not only did Fallon discover this, he also found out that “one of his direct great-grandfathers…was hanged for murdering his mother. That line… produced seven other murderers… Lizzy Borden… ‘Cousin Lizzy’… was accused… of killing her father and stepmother with an ax…” (Hagerty). This is surely due to the fact that this compulsion to killing was inherited down the family lines.
Evolutionary theory posits that most human behaviours today, were once essential for survival. Despite the fact that the world has changed, humans have still retained those behaviours. For example, violence between men and was once essential for acquiring limited resources, to make sure one’s genes were passed down, and to deter enemies (Goetz, 2010). Violence directed at women was caused by viewing the woman as a piece of property, and to prevent mate infidelity (Goetz, 2010). From an evolutionary perspective, rape and sexual assault were once necessary in order to obtain a mate and pass down genes (Archer, 2013). In addition, child sexual and physical abuse can be explained by either a lack of resources to provide for the child, or genetic unrelatedness (Archer, 2013). Furthermore, prostitution, which dates back to our ancient ancestors, was a means of acquiring goods and services (Campbell, Muncer, & Bibel, 2001). Finally, anti-social behaviours such as stealing and drug-taking are be viewed as a means to survive from an evolutionary perspective (Kacir, 2010). The case of Mary, a homeless 16 year old with a history of sexual abuse, drugs and prostitution, can be explained using evolutionary psychology. Evolutionary psychology can explain Mary’s childhood, which has lead to her current delinquent behaviour.
...f brain abnormalities on psychosocial development, criminal history and paraphilias in sexual murderers." J Forensic sci 50.5 (2005): 1204-8.
A complex and relatively new field of study, behavioral genetics is particularly interesting because is sheds light on the inner workings of a favorite subject: ourselves. Human behavioral genetics is broadly defined as the examination and characterization of genes as a basis for human behavior. The link between genetics and behavior was first recognized by Sir Francis Galton, a 19th century scientist and cousin of the very famous Charles Darwin, who studied the heritability of mental abilities of close relatives and family members (Stigler, 2010). Since then, genetics has been linked to many more behavioral phenotypes from eating and mating activities to substance abuse, social attitudes, violence and mental abilities. Geneticists are able to study this by analyzing parallels in physical and behavioral characteristics of families and populations (Rothstein, 2005). However, as with many other new scientific fields, the study of behavioral genetics and its implications has been the subject of increasing scrutiny and co...
It was then that I first started to consider what causes man to become so enraged as to commit atrocities of the mind, body and soul. Violence - pure and simple, is intrinsic to humanity. It almost goes unnoticed as a way of life in many communities. Drive through North Philadelphia on a spring afternoon and witness what appears to be life disappearing, receding under the concrete and graffiti. Look closer and witness the bullet holes in the walls of homes and cars. Still, there are other communities, such as North Brooklyn, where the rate of crime has been diminishing for the past twenty-five years. It seems, in fact, that violent crime does not behave as predicted. Social scientists have begun to suggest that, in fact, violent crime needs to be viewed much like an infectious disease. Simultaneously, neurobiologists have developed intricate research models and techniques to examine whether or not there are biological triggers that cause individuals to act violently.
Both environmental and genetic factors have been questioned. Genetic factors have been suspected since the incidence of antisocial behaviour is higher in people with an antisocial biological parent. The environment is also contributes to the factor of antisocial behaviour. Studies have shown that a person whose role model had antisocial behaviour, is more than likely to develop the same behavour. According to Psychology Today (2017) Approximately 3 percent of men and one percent of women have antisocial personality disorder. A much higher percentage exist among the prison population.
As with many influences on human behavior, environmental actions may actually trigger the genetic predispositions toward antisocial behavior. Of these environmental triggers, childhood abuse may be the most important of situational factors. Understanding antisocial personalities in individuals with biological susceptibility to antisocial behaviors and those who experienced maltreatment in a hostile environment would be at a high risk for developing antisocial personality disorder.
Punishment has been in existence since the early colonial period and has continued throughout history as a method used to deter criminals from committing criminal acts. Philosophers believe that punishment is a necessity in today’s modern society as it is a worldwide response to crime and violence. Friedrich Nietzche’s book “Punishment and Rehabilitation” reiterates that “punishment makes us into who we are; it creates in us a sense of responsibility and the ability to take and release our social obligations” (Blue, Naden, 2001). Immanuel Kant believes that if an individual commits a crime then punishment should be inflicted upon that individual for the crime committed. Cesare Beccaria, also believes that if there is a breach of the law by individuals then that individual should be punished accordingly.
There are various theories within the biological explanation as to why individuals commit criminal behaviour, these include: genetic theory, hereditary theory, psychosis and brain injury theory. In the next few paragraphs examples of each will be shown.
Criminality constitutes strategic mannerisms characterized by apathy to misery inflicted on others, egocentricity and depressed self-control. Habitual criminal behaviour seeks to satisfy the offender’s desires for material prestige, power or pleasurable feelings regardless to damage inflicted to victim or society. Such behaviors extend mistrust, fuel prejudice, and largely corrupt social cohesion. Biological, psychological and environmental attributes are thought to heavily influence antisocial and criminal behaviour. Numerous studies have proven that active emulation, genetic predispositions and psychosocial labeling are all complementary to development and expressions of criminal behaviour. There has historically been a myriad of theories that attempt to explain criminal behaviour through different perspectives, all which constitute intricate paradigms that play a role in expressio...