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The Virgin Suicides by Jeffrey Eugenides is a novel set in suburban America in the 1970’s. It is told in a retrospective by a group of men who are obsessed with five sisters who killed themselves, that they lived near when they were teenagers. The narrators collect different pictures and objects that once belonged to the sisters, and even 20 years after the last Lisbon girl took her life, they are still infatuated with the idea of these teenaged sisters. The Virgin Suicides brings to the surface statements and ideas pertinent to women and how they are treated in society. These ideas are timeless, as many of the issues women faced decades ago are still important today.
This raises the question: to what extent does Jeffrey Eugenides critique
traditional gender roles and the objectification of women through the use of narration, symbolism, and characterization? Though at first glance it may appear that Eugenides is enforcing gender roles and the practice of objectification, with deeper analysis it is clear that this is not true. Eugenides deeply critiques these issues pertinent to women by making them very apparent in his work. It is through the tragic ending that Eugenides shows the extremely negative effects of gender roles and objectification. All of this builds into the dehumanization of the girls by the narrators in The Virgin Suicides. They never really treat the girls as what they really are: humans. Instead they objectify them and place them on a pedestal that creates unrealistic expectations for women. The girls are constantly exposed to roles they will never be able to fit by their family and everyone else around them, and are denied depth and the ability to tell their own story. The sisters’ sexualities are constantly being repressed as well, which only confines them further to the expectations of their parents. This brings us back to the question: to what extent does Jeffrey Eugenides critique traditional gender roles and the objectification of women through the use of narration, symbolism, and characterization? Eugenides intentionally incorporates all the issues above to deeply critique the treatment of women in society, as the suicides of the girls show the negative effects of confining women to gender roles and objectifying them. It is due to their confinements that the sisters were drawn to kill themselves as a means of escape, so Eugenides offers this as a worst case scenario.
In City of Dreadful Delight, Judith Walkowitz effortlessly weaves tales of sexual danger and more significantly, stories of the overt tension between the classes, during the months when Jack the Ripper, the serial murderer who brutally killed five women, all of them prostitutes, terrorized the city. The book tells the story of western male chauvinism that was prevalent in Victorian London not from the point of view not of the gazer, but rather of the object. Walkowitz argues that the press coverage of the murders served to construct a discourse of heterosexuality in which women were seen as passive victims and sexuality was associated with male violence. Much of City of Dreadful Delight explores the cultural construction and reconstruction of class and sexuality that preceded the Ripper murders. Walkowitz successfully investigates the discourses that took place after the fact and prior social frameworks that made the Ripper-inspired male violence and female passivity model possible and popular.
Society continually places restrictive standards on the female gender not only fifty years ago, but in today’s society as well. While many women have overcome many unfair prejudices and oppressions in the last fifty or so years, late nineteenth and early twentieth century women were forced to deal with a less understanding culture. In its various formulations, patriarchy posits men's traits and/or intentions as the cause of women's oppression. This way of thinking diverts attention from theorizing the social relations that place women in a disadvantageous position in every sphere of life and channels it towards men as the cause of women's oppression (Gimenez). Different people had many ways of voicing their opinions concerning gender inequalities amound women, including expressing their voices and opinions through their literature. By writing stories such as Daisy Miller and The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Henry James let readers understand and develop their own ideas on such a serious topic that took a major toll in American History. In this essay, I am going to compare Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” to James’ “Daisy Miller” as portraits of American women in peril and also the men that had a great influence.
Middlesex, by Jeffrey Eugenides, inner struggles are paralleled with each setting. Taking place in the twentieth century each setting plays a significant role in explaining a theme in the novel. Fleeing Greece in a time of war and entering Detroit Michigan as immigrants parallel later events to the next generation of kin fleeing Grosse Pointe Michigan to San Francisco. These settings compliment a major theme of the novel, society has always believed to be missing something in their life and attempted to fill the missing piece.
Throughout history, society has been used as a means of inspiration for writers of all genres. More often then not, writers do not shine a light on the positive aspects of society, they chose to focus on the decline of the modern world. For a writer to truly capture this societal decline, they must be brave enough to accept it. For one writer in particular, her passion and style are what fuel her to create masterpieces of literature centered on that very topic. With her ability to focus on modern American society with topics such as rape, child abuse and murder, Joyce Carol Oates’s novels have been able to capture the sometimes cruel reality of American life in an unorthodox way.
Through its mockery of the Grosse Pointe community’s response to the suicides, The Virgin Suicides by Jeffrey Eugenides exposes civilization’s destructive and futile systematic denial. The transformation of the Lisbon house subsequent to the final suicides illustrates civilization’s discomfort with facing reality. Before the Lisbons could move out, they commissioned Mr. Hedlie to clean their home. Afterwards, the new homeowners made more of an effort to decontaminate the house. “A team of men in white overalls and caps sandblasted the house, then over the next two weeks sprayed it with a thick white paste…When they finished, the Lisbon house was transformed into a giant wedding cake dripping frosting, but it took less than a year for chunks
Why Abortion is Immoral by Don Marquis is an essay that claims that abortion is morally wrong, and uses one argument in particular to explain why. He argues that many of us would agree that it is wrong to kill a human, and if you believe that then you should also have that view on abortions. If you think killing is wrong then you think all killing is wrong and the persons biological state, whether it is when a person is a fetus, one years old, or thirty years old, makes no difference. He then explains that killing is wrong not only because it is immoral, but wrong because it deprives the victim of life and the enjoyments one would have otherwise experienced; which Marquis believes is the greatest lost one can suffer (Marquis, 189). Given certain circumstances Marquis agrees there are cases where killing is acceptable, but nonetheless it is immoral.
In Jeffrey Eugenides’s book Middlesex, Calliope Stephanide tells the story of not only her transformation, but also the world’s transformation into a completely different entity. Brother and sister become husband and wife, Greeks become Americans, and, most importantly, a young girl becomes a man. Along with being a transformative novel, Middlesex is also considered a modern epic. It is an epic account that retells the history of a recessive chromosome that made its way into the life of the main character. Cal describes this recessive chromosome’s journey as it travels through many imposing events: “Cal needs to tell the story of his past in order to function in the present” (Cohen). This genetic chromosome survives a fire in Smyrna, the trip to America and through Ellis Island, Detroit during the race riots, and gradually makes its way into the body of Cal Stephanides. “Middlesex, therefore, is a Bildungsroman with a rather big twist: the Bildung it describes turns out to be the wrong one—a false start” (Mendelsohn 1). Through the hardships in life, Calliope describes how she eventually becomes known as Cal.
Depression is the most common mental illness and the reason why many people commit suicide. It is commonly found when people fail to cope effectively with stress or experience painful, disturbing or traumatic events that overwhelm them. Suicide has become one of the main cause of death for young adults in Canada, leaving only tragic incidents behind; around 4000 Canadians die every year by committing suicide (“Canadian Mental Health Association”). America, by E.R. Frank, is about a young child, who goes through a lot of emotional and physical pain due to the people around him. When he is older, America hesitates to tell anyone about the traumatic events that he had gone through. America’s emotional state is damaged by his mother, Browning, and the whole system. In general, these people caused America to suffer emotionally and mentally. They did not take good care of America, forced him to think
From the beginning of time in history, women have always been portrayed as and seen as the submissive sex. Women especially during the time period of the 1800s were characterized as passive, disposable, and serving an utilitarian function. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a prime example displaying the depiction of women. The women in Frankenstein represent the treatment of women in the early 1800’s. Shelley’s incorporation of suffering and death of her female characters portrays that in the 1800’s it was acceptable. The women in the novel are treated as property and have minimal rights in comparison to the male characters. The feminist critic would find that in Frankenstein the women characters are treated like second class citizens. The three brutal murders of the innocent women are gothic elements which illustrates that women are inferior in the novel. Mary Shelley, through her novel Frankenstein, was able to give the reader a good sense of women’s role as the submissive sex, through the characters experiences of horrific events including but not limited to brutal murder and degradation, which is illuminated by her personal life experiences and time period of romanticism.
Rape Fantasies by Margaret Atwood "Rape Fantasies" was written by Margaret Atwood in 1977. Basically, this short story is about the narrator, named Estelle, recalling a conversation between several women during their lunch hour. It starts with one of Estelle's co-workers, asking the question 'How about it, girls, do you have rape fantasies? ' (pg 72) The story goes on with each woman telling their supposed 'rape fantasy' to one another.
The popularity of the tale of the “fallen woman” reached its pinnacle during the 19th century, when readers became fixated with its maneuvering of the deep-seated social anxieties inscribed in its model of moralizing through punishment. Focusing on women who had given in to seduction and living a life of sin, these stories reinforced women’s fears of unrepressed sexuality, increasingly unstable gender roles, and mounting class conflict. Indeed, the fallen woman was largely employed as a tool to warn women of the dangers of extramarital fornication and moral transgression; these characters would often double as social surrogates for more docile and virtuous female characters in the novel. An examination of Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre (1847), Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary
The narrator, or sometimes narrators, plays a crucial role in telling the story that is presented on the pages of the novel. In Jeffrey Eugenides’s The Virgin Suicides, the young teenage boys in a small community experiences the loss of the Lisbons sisters’ – Therese, Mary, Bonnie, Lux, and Cecilia – and investigates (and becomes obsessed with) the sisters’ suicides. In Louise Erdrich’s Love Medicine, the death of June Morrissey, a young Chippewa woman, causes the members of the Kashpaw and the Lamartine families to reflect on their past experiences. While each novel has similarities and differences in their styles of narration, each narrator has one main purpose: to make the readers feel connected and present in the events in which the
In “On the Factory Floor”, a passage from Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides, through the use of repetition and specific diction Eugenides critiques the integration of the assembly line into factories, and investigates how this affects the American worker. This mechanomorphisation of the workers conveys how employers view their workers as less than human, comparing workers to the machines.
baby fat and shoots up into a junior stud who is blindsided by sex and
The ethics of abortion is a topic that establishes arguments that attempt to argue if abortion is morally justified or not. Philosopher Judith Jarvis Thomson wrote a pro- choice piece called “A Defense of Abortion.” In this paper, she presents various arguments that attempt to defend abortion by relating it to the woman carrying the fetus and her right in controlling her body. On the other side of the spectrum, philosopher Don Marquis wrote a pro- life paper called “Why Abortion Is Immoral.” Ultimately, Marquis argues that abortion is immoral with rare exceptions because it is resulting in the deprivation of the fetus’s valuable future. He supports his paper by creating the future-like-ours argument that compares the future of a fetus to the