4. Risk-based Approach - Case of Jakarta
The City of Jakarta is a lowland area with an average altitude of ±7 meters above sea level. It has a coast that stretches in the north from west to east faces the Java Sea. The Capital Territory has more than 110 islands and there are about 27 rivers/waterways/canals that are used as sources of drinking water, fisheries and urban businesses. The city is prone to many natural hazards, in this case, a risk-based land use planning is necessary.
A risk-based approach to land use planning is based around these five steps (Fig.1):
Know the hazard;
Determine the severity of the consequences;
Evaluate the likelihood of an event;
Take a risk-based approach;
Monitor and evaluate.
This approach is not
…show more content…
The main hazards for Jakarta relate to water management and flood control. Extreme weather events cause overloading of the existing drainage system, while sea level rise coupled with land subsidence is making Jakarta increasingly vulnerable to tidal floods due to its coastal location. Jakarta has also experienced earthquakes and should be prepared for other unprecedented geological events and tsunamis. According to BNPB - Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management, flooding is the most frequent hazard, which occurred 98 times from 2011 to 2015 (Fig.2). Taking flooding as an example, in the flood map we can see flooding mainly affects the north coast of Jakarta (Fig.3), where most of the city’s industries are located. Flooding occurs regularly throughout the year, stalling traffic, damaging houses and gravely attenuating the flow of business at all levels of society. Even with just a moderate amount of rain, the traffic in the city is critically impaired, often for hours. Due to high rainfall intensity, land subsidence, road inundation and poor drainage systems, flooding greatly impacts commercial activities, cause loss of property, spread of illness and loss of
The country of the Netherlands is a place of proud and prospering people with a rich Dutch culture and beautiful cities. Holland is constantly overflowing with innovative ideas and wondrous breakthroughs in agriculture, but for many years the Netherlands has faced a growing issue that is threatening the entire coast and mainland of their country. Global warming has contributed to a consistent increase of rising sea levels. Due to the issue that a majority of the mainland in Holland is well below sea level, the Dutch government has implemented necessary plans to revise the existing costal security program to protect the country from wide scale flooding and to ensure the security of the major cities and historic sites found throughout Holland.
The purpose of this paper is to explore the natural hazards experienced in Beijing. When researching Beijing, I noticed there was a lot of information on a few different kinds of hazards that occur frequently. These hazards are caused by Beijing’s natural climate which is described as a monsoon climate. This climate creates frequently occurring droughts, sandstorms, and a very rainy summer. In this paper I will discuss Beijing’s natural climate and the natural disasters that occur within the city.
Hong, S., Koh, C., Harris, R., Kim, J., Lee, J., & Ihm, B.. (2010). Land Use in Korean Tidal Wetlands: Impacts and Management Strategies. Environmental Management, 45(5), 1014-26. Retrieved September 11, 2011, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 2036528131).
New Orleans is a city located in the ground between Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain. The city was original settled on the high ground, however, since 1900s, the city start sinking. Today, more than 50 percent of the city area is below sea level. The reason of the sinking is still in debating, man-made floodwalls and levees are believed the main causes. Land loss is also a serious problem. The coach area already lost about 2,000 squares since 1930’s and today it loses 16 squares every year. Moreover, New Orleans is in a hurricane-prone area. All those elements make the city so vulnerable to flooding. Hurricane Katrina is one of the most horrible floods. 1,833 people were killed during the storm and more than 1.5 million in Louisiana were forced to evacuate.
The Victorian floods recovery report states that high rainfall caused swelling of major rivers and flash flooding in various regional towns (Moore et al.2012, pp.5). The floods caused significant damage to infrastructure, properties and businesses. It is noted that approximately 4000 residential properties were damaged and approximately 4000 businesses were affected (Moore et al.2012, pp.5). The total damages were approximately $1.3 billion, of which $176 million was lost in tourism value and $269 million in agricultural sector (Moore et al.2012, pp.5). Victorian 2010/11 floods not only caused physical damage, but also had long term personal impacts on the various communities (Department of Human Services, 2011, pp.5). The damages created a great deal of anxiety for the local communities, over the fear of personal safety and concerns about the future damages such events could create (Department of Human Services, 2011, pp.5). The damages caused by 2010/11 floods varied and were place specific (Department of Environment, 2013, pp.34). Hence, land use planning plays a critical role in the identification processes of medium-high risk regions (Department of Environment, 2013,
Over the years, many damages related to flood have been reported. In France, floods have killed more than 100 people in the last 10 years. In less than three years, two catastrophic flash floods struck southern France. The first flash flood occurred in November 1999 and the second flash flood occurred in September 2002. The two flash floods cause 58 fatalities and properties damage of around 2.3 billion of Euros (Vinet, 2008). In United States of America, flash flood that occurred in June 2001 has cause $2 billion of damages to the urban states in Texas (Holder et al., 2002). All of this damages and loss serve as frightening examples of the threat that flood possess.
Delta Spa & Health Club comes as a pioneer spa services and facilities to provide the best in its field. Equipped with facilities and infrastructure include:COLD POOL, POOL HOT, STEAM ROOM, HERBAL POOL, SAUNA ROOM, CAFE & BAR, GYM, Supported by a variety of medical treatments, such as: PURI COMBO MASSAGE (THAI, Shiatsu & TRADITIONAL MASSAGE, ozone theraphy, REFLEXOLOGY, MUD THERAPY, OZONE BUBBLE BATH, THERAPY EAR, HOT STONE).
International trade has become one of the most important things to do for the economy of a country. There are two ways to do the agreement, bilateral trade and multilateral trade. The first one, bilateral trade is the trade happens between two people, groups or countries. The trade can be in political, economic, or military matters. On the other hand, multilateral trade is a free trade between two or more countries at the same time. This trade aim to promote, enhance, and regulate trade in equal manner.
Building conditions, and low incomes that do not allow the city to improve building conditions to the level required, nor to better develop and fund disaster preparation. This proposes that a reinforcing spiral could emerge for this set of issues, where increasing population comes together with sea-level rise and a stressed economy to further damage already weak buildings, undermine efforts to improve disaster preparedness and build coastal armaments; and these, in turn, further erode the economy while sea-level rise marches on. The informal coping systems are expected to help reduce vulnerabilities to some degree for both sets of issues. Mumbai’s overall vulnerability appears to be high. While the city is relatively wealthy compared to the rest of India, and it does have an elaborate disaster management plan in
... have to even up their bed in order to have place to sleep. Reportedly, two people have been died in the previous year in the flooding. One was an adult who was electrocuted and another was a less-than-two year boy drowning as he was walking nearby his house. Secondly, it is a kind of emotional impact. The people there feel that they are losing something that they used have before. Some the people interview told that by the time the ground area was not filled with water, they could do some entertaining activities down there (e.g. having a nape on the hammock, drying clothes, and raising animals). Last but not lease, it affects the beauty of the city. The City beauty should not only be seen tidy from the outside (i.e. the front) whereas the inner looks dirty. As one travel along the railway, one could enjoy a beautiful sight-seeing rather than the piles of wastes.
A city with just a total of 712 square kilometres in size, Singapore’s physical constraints have made it a challenge to optimize the use of its scarce land area. Due to the issue of a shortage of land, Singapore has been reclaiming land from the sea since the beginning of its independent existence. The Population White Paper, published by the Ministry of National Development, has projected that Singapore could have a population of between 6.5 and 6.9 million by 2030 which requires 76,600 hectare of land. Thus, land reclamation is essential in order to support the immense increase of population.
Flood has become fidgety for people along the coastline yet the sea level has become higher than the land they live in. in this situation, the government has to take action for controlling the subsidence. In order to create some infrastructure to prevent subsidence or subsidence effect, there has to be a study that explains the subsidence mechanism in Jakarta. It is recommended for local government agencies to conduct better disaster management and relief fund management. Early warning system should be installed and executed by responsible local authorities
Flood control and urban water way management are an essential part of urban planning and a quality of life issue for many residents living in flood plain areas. Flood control management issues are of great concern to businesses and individuals located in an area because a flood can bring economic activity and ordinary life to a halt in a few hours of intense rain events. Some residents are affected by floods more than others and it can have regional impacts based on the geomorphology of the areas affected. For example, one area of a city may not be as affected as greatly by flooding because that location could be in a 100 year flood plain zone and this means that a major flood event will only occur in that area about once every 100 years. Likewise, other areas of a city could be in a 10 year or 5 year flood plain zone and are at a greater risk of experiencing floods of higher magnitudes and frequency. These areas that are frequently prone to flooding are especially important for the regional flood control plan; however all regions, regardless of the flood risks, could be potentially affected by the political considerations when designing a water way management plan.
Flooding is when large amounts of water suddenly invade an area which had been normally dry (Oxford Advanced learners Dictionary). Floods are one of those disasters which are still a major thread to the world despite the so many efforts to combat it. These are natural hazards because though they are brought about by a natural phenomenon, they often cause lots of damage. The immediate impact on survivors is likely to be injury and death of relatives, damage to crops, housing and infrastructure can also conspire to precipitate acute food shortages and homelessness, water supplies may be contaminated with sewage leading disease. The aim of this write-up is to draw a plan for a flood-prone zone and this plan is divided into sub titles as follows: an assessment of the likelihood, severity and consequences of the incident occurring, a description of local resources and capability available to deal with the incident, identify what actions can be taken in advance to prepare for this incident, identify measures to prevent or mitigate the effects of this incident, and outlining the key planned activities in the emergency response phase.
Flooding has always been part of the natural environment of Thailand. Since historical times populations that live within the urban and rural floodplains have learned of ways to adapt and survive (Balancing 2). With the economic development of many areas within the floodplain regions over the later part of the last century many areas have become further susceptible to seasonal rains and flooding.