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Globalization and multinational corporations
Multinational corporations and their benefits to globalization
Purchasing power parity theory notes
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Recommended: Globalization and multinational corporations
Globalization has led to an increase in multinational companies that produce different types of goods. Although these multinational corporations have been reaping substantial benefits as a result of market expansion, they face a greater risk of losing their international revenues as a result of fluctuations in exchange rates. Changes in the exchange rate between the countries expose the home company to various risks such as transaction exposure, translation, and economic exposure. As a result, the value of the firm is affected by fluctuation in the exchange rate. To effectively manage the exposures, companies use various hedging strategies such as the use of forwards contracts. The forward contracts enable the company to specify the fixed exchange which it will be willing to buy the foreign currency. This practice allows the organization to reduce the element of uncertainty regarding future cash flows. In this analysis, we are going to analyze Jaguar plc, which operates in the United Kingdom but sales over 50% of its products in the United States. As a result, in this analysis, we are going to take the case study of Jaguar plc and analyze various aspects. We are going to discuss on different exposures Jaguar is facing, the value of the company, the effect of dollar depreciation on the value of the corporate, and ways to …show more content…
One of them is the discounted cash flow model and the other being the present value model. The discounted cash flow is used to determine the value of the firm in the future, while the present value model is used to give the current value of the company using future cash flows. Apart from valuation models, we also have exchange determination techniques such as purchasing power parity (PPP). This theory is used to determine the value of one currency to another by comparing the price of a particular commodity in one country to another. (Gans, King, Stonecash, Libich, & Mankiw,
Saputo’s business is constantly affected by changes in the exchange rate as the majority of its business takes place outside of Canada. Due to the fact products and cash flows travel internationally, the company is exposed to economic exposures. Exchange exposure affects Saputo in many ways such as the cost of production and demand for their products. Transaction exposure affects Saputo when cash flows from foreign operations into Canada. Saputo is affected by translation exposure when foreign revenue is converted into Canadian dollars for its financial statements.
In this memorandum, I compare two options Foxy Originals have to enter the U.S market. Specifically, CVP analysis is used to measure the financial implications of each alternative. I also make recommendations and action plan at the end of this document.
The pharmaceutical industry is relatively immune from the effects of economic cycles. Demand for the industry's product remains constant in up and down economic cycles as market demand is a function of the overall health of the population. However the globalization of the pharmaceutical industry increases the risk associated with foreign investments and exchange rates. The firms in this industry seek to minimize risks by using hedging practices such as foreign currency forward-exchange contracts, borrowing in foreign markets, and using currency swaps.
Discounted cash flow is a valuation technique that discounts projected cash inflows and outflows to evaluate the potential value of an investment. There are three discounted cash flow methods: Net Present Value (NPV), Profitability Index (PI) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The net present value discounts all cash inflows and outflows at a minimum rate of return, which is usually the cost of capital. The profitability index refers to the ratio of the present value of cash inflow to the present value of cash outflows. The internal rate of return refers to the interest rate that discounts cash inflow projections to the present to ensure that the present value of cash inflows is equivalent to the present value of cash outflows (Brown, 1992).
1. What is the business reason for China Noah’s potential currency exposure? Does the company need to subject itself to substantial exchange rate risk? Is the risk “material” to China Noah? Do you think China Noah should hedge?
The economic forces affecting the company include inflation and fluctuations in interest and currency exchange rates. Additional challenges include technological advances and Johnson & Johnson’s competition and patents attained by com...
The leading model, Monetary Model links exchange rate movements to the balance of payment, which is used for medium to long term analysis. The following assumptions cons...
Caterpillar Inc. also faces the risk of its cash flow and earnings being affected by fluctuations in the exchange rates of currency, commodity prices, and interest rates. To control for this, the company’s Risk Management Policy ensures prudent management of interest rates, commodity prices, and exchange rates of foreign currency by allowing the use of derivative financial instruments. According to the policy, the derivative financial instruments are not supposed to be used for the purpose of speculation. In its pricing strategy, Caterpillar Inc. faces the risk of difficult shipping of its products. This risk can be encountered by offering its products on instalments and lease to its loyal customers (Caterpillar, Inc. (CAT), 2011).
During the term of the contract with a known dividend yield, an equity forward contract value at time t is equal to the present value of the difference between the price agreed to pay for the asset at time T, F (0, T), and the value of the asset which acquire under the contract at time T, less the present value of the known dividends payable. In addition, during the term of the contract, if the equities have a known cash flow that leads to equity forward contract price is equal to the spot price, less the present value of the known cash flow, added at the appropriate rate of interest for the time to maturity date.
This report is for individual or institutional investors who want to diversify their portfolio by investing in sportswear retail industry. Given the positive announcement of its high profit, it is suggested that JD sports Fashion Plc is undervalued and a final justification will be made in this report. The report will provide in-depth analysis of JD sports Plc. that includes the following content:
The expanding global market has created both staggering wealth for some and the promise of it for others. Business is more competitive than ever before, and every business, financial or product-based, regardless of size or international presence is obligated to operate as efficiently as possible. A major factor in that efficient operation is to take advantage of every opportunity to maximize profits. Many multinational organizations have used derivatives for years in financial risk management activities. These same actions that can protect multinational organizations against interest rate futures and currency fluctuations can be used to create profits for those same organizations.
In conclusion, hedging risk with financial derivatives can give firm range of benefits such as lower probability of having financial distress, lower value of debt ratio, and earn tax benefit. It can be concluded that firm should hedge risk using financial derivatives because lot evidence shows that firm using this strategy is more successful than those who are not. However, since different type of companies facing different risks, they should not necessarily use the same hedging strategy.
Other types of exchange rate risks are translation risk and so-called hidden risk. The translation risk relates to cases where large multinational companies have subsidiaries in other countries. On the financial statement of the whole group, the company may have to translate the assets and liabilities from foreign accounts into the group statement. The translation will involve foreign exchange exposure. The term hidden risk evolves around the fact that all companies are subject to exchange rate risks, even if they don’t do business with companies using other currencies. A company that is buying supplies from a local manufacturer might be affected of fluctuating foreign exchange rates if the local manufacturer is doing business with overseas companies. If a manufacturer goes out of business, or experience heavy losses, it will affect all the companies it does business with. The co...
A Forward contract may be defined as an agreement to purchase at a future date a given asset at a price agreed today. It may also be defined as “abilateral agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset or a commodity of specified quantity and quality at a future date on a mutually agreed delivery price”. The contract or agreement can be between two financial institutions, a financial institution
The foreign exchange market is one of important mechanism in the international business because foreign exchange is an intermediary for all nations in term of the growth of the economy. There are many functions of foreign exchange market in the global economy. In the international business, it uses the foreign exchange markets in four ways. First, the pay...