Part D-final product and outcome
The assassination of Jhon F. Kennedy, Is the single bullet theory correct?
The assassination of John F. Kennedy is an interesting topic that has sparked much debate across nations into what happened. Most of this debate is focused around the single bullet theory, also remarked to as the “magic-bullet theory”. In this report I will investigate further into the assassination and determine, with scientific support, whether there was a “magic bullet” or not.
The theory that is most supported and at the same time argued about the most is the single bullet theory that was presented by the Warren Commission in 1964. This theory that was constructed from investigating Kennedy’s death states that the president was
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killed and shot by the same bullet that also hit the Texas Gov. John Connally who was sat in front of the president. The findings of the Warren Commission have come under much slandering by many figures including JFK’s brother and many members of the Warren Commission. The single bullet theory The findings state that the president was killed in his vehicle when driving down Elm Street (see figure 1).
The sniper, Lee Harvey Oswald, was waiting in a “snipers nest” at the Texas School book depository (Dallas) and raised his rifle as the president drove pass, 12 meters underneath his feet. Pulling the trigger as Kennedy was half way down the road a 6.5 millimetre bullet pierced Kennedys coat from the rear, puncturing his spine, exiting around the Adam’s apple and following through to hit Connally. The pullet shattered Connally’s fifth rib bone, exited, broke a wrist bone, exited, and ended deep within Connally’s skin around his left …show more content…
thigh. Figure 1 Unlikely path of travel? The single bullet theory is the most considered unlikely by the stated path of travel, not only for the direction but also due to the critical amount of material it would have to pass through. The bullet that was recovered at the Parkland Memorial hospital was named CE 399, the path that the CE 399 would have hat to taken would have been through the bodies of two adult men, approximately tearing through 16 inches of human flesh, through two bones and punctured 15 different layers of clothing. For the bullet fired this proves to be very difficult and unlikely and under the conditions is a good defence to prove that the single bullet theory is incorrect. However the single-bullet theory does not exclude that additional shots were fired or that additional bullets came into contact with humans, in fact many people believe that a total of three bullets where shot. The Report only states that the first bullet both killed Kennedy and tore through governor Connally, and confirms that a second bullet did hit Kennedy in the head. If there was more than one gunman, however, that fired the bullets stills remains as a debatable topic. A famous battle against the single bullet theory is that the projection pathway that the bullet followed would have been unable to hit Kennedy and Connally. Published by Oliver stone, J. Groden and Harrison E. in the novel High treason they describe that the path way of the bullet was impossible (see figure 2) and that at least two bullets would have needed to be fired. Unless the bullet was magic and it could have turned right, angled downwards, gone forward and then once again turn left. Under many laws in physics, including Newtons first, unless there was a major external force applied on the bullet or the bullet had turning capabilities, the chances that it could do what is shown is near impossible. Figure 2 Recently however this publication has come under major criticism due to it leaving out and not including major parts of information, mainly including the seat position of Connally and from where the bullet was fired. The actual bullet was fired from an angle that pierced JFK’s neck straight on (see figure 3 and figure 4) and then continued straight forward into Connally’s back, not from the angle that was produced by the novel High treason. The second major flaw that is located in the novel High Treason is the seating position of Connally, in the novel Connally is located directly in front of JFK. While in truth Connally was located lower and to the right compared to JFK (see figure 5) meaning that if the bullet did follow its projected course it would have pierced the wound points in all the correct positions. Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 The Zapruder film The zapruder film has become one of the most important films in history as it captured the frames in which the bullets hit Kennedy and Connally while also showing their reactions to the incident. The footage taken by a clothing maker, Abraham Zapruder, was taken with an 8 mm camera that recorded 26 seconds of footage that would soon become the most controversial and watched film ever. The footage shows 486 frames, in which the disturbing frames of 210-225 have been re-watched across history countless times, and even the events that occur at the frame of 313 as the vehicle exists under the bridge. The frames of 210-225 show Kennedy and Connally reacting simultaneously to an event in which Kennedy jerks his hands to his throat and Connally violently cringes and turns around. These filming shots help to support the single bullet theory as it shows that both JFK and Connally are reacting to the same incident. The further shot of 313 was not released for years to the public due to its gruesome nature but contains a vital piece of evidence showing that a second bullet hit Kennedy’s head, as it burst on the footage. The silent footage shoes that the bullet hits Kennedy bellow the base of his skull and then is followed by an explosion (see figure 6). Figure 6 Zapruder was scared by the footage that he had taken, mostly due to the violent nature that it contained, he was reported to have nightmares for long after. When he sold the rights away for the film to the Life magazine he made it clear that the frame 313 was not to be released to the public and it remained hidden until 1975, 12 years after the event. Support for the single-bullet theory Across the years of JFK’s assassination people around the world have taken up to reacting the incident in their own investigations to help come to a conclusion on the assassination.
Since the event there have been hundreds of re-enactments, computer analyses, research and studying of evidence including the zapruder film, most of which have placed the majority of the credibility on the single bullet theory. John McAdams has spent his whole life researching the assassination, currently a professor of political science at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wis, and has confirmed that the single bullet theory is the strongest theory for the events that undertook. McAdams has helped to create many websites and provide data and evidence that supports the single bullet theory. Thomas Canning studied the single-bullet trajectory during his work at NASA and being selected to work co-along the House selected committee on assassinations (a body that we formed to readdress the case after the Warren Commission. Thomas Canning concluded that "The result was an alignment that showed the bullet leaving Kennedy's throat to strike Connally in the back near the shoulder — which is where Connally was actually struck” Thomas also added to that that " in work done for a 1992 mock trial of Lee Harvey Oswald for the American Bar Association, [using] 3-D computer animation and modelling techniques to research the bullet trajectory, [it was] concluded that the single-bullet trajectory works." In
more recent terms there have been a range of TV special episodes airing on TV to investigate what happened during the assassination and come to a conclusion, the TV show Unsolved History: JFK — Beyond the Magic Bullet airing on the Discovery Channel in 2004 stated “…that a single bullet duplicated almost exactly the path of travel postulated by proponents of the single-bullet theory…” Criticisms of the single-bullet theory Although there has been much support for the single bullet idea there has at the same time been much criticism. Many people believe that at the trajectory that the bullet was travelling and the parts of the body that it intercepted it would have had to change course in mid-air (although this is contradictory to the actual seating positions). Other criticism includes that Connally was seen holding his hat in his right hand, even though the bullet hit his right wrist. The bullet (see figure 7) has supported the criticisms due to its near perfect conditions, even having been through a large amount of materials and compositions. Figure 7 Conclusion Although the single bullet theory will never truly be confirmed of rejected it is the most supported theory to prove how JFK was assassinated. The projectile path is followed and supported by the single bullet theory and shows that the death of JFK and injury of Connally was the cause of one bullet and not many.
John F. Kennedy’s assassination has been a mystery since it happened in 1993. John F. Kennedy was shot in a moving car in Dallas, Texas. The murder surprised the nation in a time of peace and calmness, It was also “... the first time the vivid immediacy of such acts was brought into the homes of millions” (“The Warren
Study sources B4-B12. What evidence is there that there were gunmen firing at President Kennedy from behind and in front of the presidential limousine.
However, in this paper, I will dispute the ancient analysis of the facts that show a single gunman was involved, and try to show that a conspiracy must have been present. According to the old facts regarding the case of the JFK assassination, Kennedy was killed by a single gunman. On November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. CST (Central Standard Time), Kennedy was riding in an open limousine through Dallas, Texas. At this time, Kennedy was shot in the head and neck by a sniper. He was then taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital, where he was pronounced dead.
731). One of the more widely held theories was that Oswald had killed Kennedy on behalf of the
The day that President Kennedy was assassinated, people started to view the world differently. His death was the first time that a conspiracy theory transformed into a conceivable form of knowledge among the general public. "It was because of Kennedy's death in Dallas that the conspiracy theory was born" (Wensley). It started with an article written ...
Kennedy assassination. The single-bullet theory was introduced by the Warren Commission in its investigation of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy to explain what happened to the bullet that struck Kennedy in the back and exited through his throat. The Warren Commission that investigated the Kennedy assassination established that the reactions of Kennedy and Connally happened too close together for two single shots, even from the same gun, to have been accountable for their injuries. In an interview with Piers Morgan Stone said, the single-shooter theory and the "magic bullet" theory "fall apart, if anybody in their right mind looks at it." "It angers me sometimes, to think of the degree of stupidity about Oswald and the Mannlicher-Carcano (rifle) on the sixth floor making these shots. It's almost as if we don't believe what we see with our own eyes in the Zapruder film," Stone
In 1976, the US Senate ordered a fresh inquiry into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, who was murdered in 1963 during a motorcade in Dallas, Texas while campaigning for re-election. People who had been involved in the original Warren Commission investigations were asked to make fresh statements. The FBI and the CIA were persuaded to release more of their documents on Oswald. New lines of inquiry were opened and individuals who had not previously given evidence were persuaded to come forward. Most important of all, pieces of evidence such as photos and sound recordings were subjected to scientific analysis using the most up-to-date methods and equipment. The House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) completed their investigation in 1979 and they finally came to a discrete verdict that Lee Harvey Oswald fired three shots at Kennedy, one of which killed the president. A fourth shot was fired from the grassy knoll, which was contradictory to the statement printed by the Warren Commission 16 years earlier. They concluded that John Kennedy was assassinated as the result of a conspiracy.
“We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard.” (“JFK’s”). This heartening quote was provided by a man who literally shot for the stars all the way up until the day he was shot down. While being the youngest and first Roman Catholic president, John F. Kennedy always influenced America to strive for the best. Until an unbearable silence struck the American people, he was removed from society in 1963. There were numerous believed causes regarding Kennedy’s death. There is the belief that Oswald shot him as a lone gun man. There are also other theories that state that there could have been more than one gun man. Some people even presuppose that the CIA is hiding the real story. Some effects of the assassination were catastrophic to the American people. We will never know if some of the Vietnam results would have commutated. Another effect was more of an emotional one. Many Americans were vulnerable, and they felt as if America would not be able to recover from this vast bereavement. Regardless, there are causes and effects when evaluating the John F. Kennedy assassination.
On November 22, 1963 President John F. Kennedy arrived in Dallas to a crowd of excited
The assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, marked a tragic historical moment in American history. The president was fatally shot by a sniper while traveling with his wife, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally’s wife in a presidential motorcade at 12.30 pm on Friday, November 22, 1963. JFK was pronounced dead shortly after rushing to Parkland Hospital, where a tracheostomy and other efforts failed to keep him alive. Although Lee Harvey Oswald, a former United States Marine, was convicted of the crime, the purpose behind the assassination remained inclusive as Oswald’s case never came to trial as he was shot to death two days later by Jack Ruby, a local nightclub operator in Texas. The assassination raised many questions and theories concerning the murder.
Oliver Stone's JFK was a movie about the investigation by a district attorney, Jim Garrison, about the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. JFK was one of the most controversial films of its time dealing with the decades-long debate about who actually killed President Kennedy. Was it done by the lone gunman Lee Harvey Oswald and his magic bullet that pierced through the bodies of the two men creating seven wounds? Or was it the end result of a detailed scheme masterminded by the Mafia involving the U.S. government and military, the Cubans, and all other Kennedy-haters? Jim Garrison was determined to find out the truth of the assassination. He arrested and charged a man named Clay Shaw, who was a New Orleans businessman, because he, with the help of Lee Harvey Oswald and David Ferrie, was said to have conspired the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
Some theories are that it was organized by the CIA, Fidel Castro, an Anarchist group, even by Vice-President Lyndon Johnson. However, once all the evidence is examined, it appears that the assassination was done by a lone man. So much of the evidence, from the way the assassination occurred, to the details of the alleged assassins’ life, and even to the official government findings and a film of the assassination, all point to the fact that there was no conspiracy and that Kennedy was killed by a lone gunman, Lee Harvey Oswald. Evidence that proves Oswald’s guilt are as follows; Oswald was pro-Communist, and hated America. He was in the Depository at the time of the assassination, and searches of the building found evidence of his work. The rifle with his finger prints on it was found by a make-shift snipers nest.
Since November 23, 1963, the day after President John Fitzgerald Kennedy was assassinated, there have been speculations as to the happenings of November 22, 1963. Along with the Warren Commission, there are hundreds of conspiracies and theories attempting to explain the assassination of Kennedy. Many people agree with the Warren Commission in that Lee Harvey Oswald acted as the lone gunman, while others maintain that another gunman was involved. Because of extensive evidence, I believe that Oswald did not act alone on November 22, 1963 in the assassination of Kennedy. The additional gunman was strategically placed in the grassy knoll area, in order to shoot at Kennedy from a frontal view (Rubinstein 4).
ITB.com or international business times quoted “This is the most popular one. An overwhelming amount of conspiracy theorists believe the Kennedy's murdered Monroe, or that the Kennedy's at least had a
[Killing Kennedy] “was in the working” and would be accomplished “from an office building with a high-powered rifle”….that could be “disassembled” to get it into the building and they will “pick someone up within hours if anything like that happened just to throw the public off.” Milteer also mentioned “the Cubans” were involved.