Is Henry James' The turn of the Screw a traditional ghost story?
Ghost stories are found way back in history, some dating back to the
Victorian times. The Victorians were known to be greatly interested in
ghosts and the supernatural and showed this fascination through
telling ghost stories.
The telling of ghost stories was used as a way of entertainment
especially around Christmas time and it was also very common for upper
class Victorians to participate in seances where they would try to
make contact with the ghosts/spirits of their dead loved ones. However
this was not the only reason, in the later Victorian age, with many
people having a great mixture of beliefs there was a disaffection with
organised religion and more towards scientific influences and
discoveries. Therefore this could mean that Victorians societies
interest in the supernatural was just a move away from religion and
the idea that God provides all the answers.
In this essay I will look at Henry James' 'The Turn of the Screw'
which was written in the Victorian era. The question I will be looking
to answer is, does James' 'The Turn of the Screw' fit into the
traditional mode of a ghost story or does he do something different
and more sinister?
The story is initially about a lonely governess and her new job
looking after two young children. The story is set in a large house
named Bly which is isolated in the countryside. The governess starts
to form a strange relationship with the children and in many ways
becomes too attached, finding it hard to separate herself from them,
enchanted by their surposide innocence.
Life at Bly runs smoothly until the governess receives a letter from
Miles' school informing her that he has been exp...
... middle of paper ...
...e contaminating
and corrupting of the idea of innocence by the governess and not by
the apparitions. There seems to be answers for the happenings at Bly
however these answers appear to lie in the mental state of the
governess. She seems to have developed delusions, resulting in the
obsession with the ghosts and their relationship with the children.
This climaxes in Flora's exit to London with Mrs Grose and Miles'
death. The role of the governess in Miles' death is not clear, was he
smothered by his affection? Or did he die of another cause?
This story twists the truth to the extent that the true answer to what
is going on is never actually revealed. All traditional aspects of
this story are contorted, making it seem far more untraditional, the
storyline is designed to make the reader think and ask themselves
questions to which there is no clear answers.
The Turn of the Screw by Henry James continues to stir up an immense amount of controversy for such a short novel. Making a definite, educated decision on the actual truth considering the countless inquiries that develop while reading this story proves more difficult than winning a presidential election. That being understood, taking one particular side on any argument from a close reading of the story seems impossible, because the counter argument appears just as conceivable. Any side of the controversy remains equally disputable considerably supported by textual evidence from the novel. One issue which, like the rest, can be answered in more than one ways is why Mrs. Grose believes the Governess when she tells her about her ghost encounters. Usually one would second-guess such outlandish stories as the ones that the governess shares throughout the story, yet Mrs. Grose is very quick to believe our borderline-insane narrator. One of the explanations for such behavior could be the underlying fact that Mrs. Grose and the governess have a similar socio-economic background, therefore making them somewhat equals even if the governess does not always seem to think that way. This fact makes them susceptible to trusting and believing each other, and to believing that the ghosts are there, for the people that the ghosts are presenting used to be servants and therefore from a similar socio-economic background. To add on to that, Bruce Robbins proposes in his Marxist criticism of The Turn of the Screw that the idea of a ghost is synonymous to that of a servant, subconsciously making the two lower-class workers of Bly more vulnerable to believe that the ghosts were real; in other words, servants we...
Through out the short novella, 'The Turn of the Screw,' by Henry James, the governess continually has encounters with apparitions that seem to only appear to her. As Miles' behavior in school worsens so that he is prevented from returning, and as Flora becomes ill with a fever, the governess blames these ghosts for corrupting the children, Miles and Flora, and labels them as evil and manipulative forces in their lives. But why is it that these ghosts only seem to appear to the governess even when the children are present at the time of the sightings by the governess? Evidence from the short story leads the reader to believe that the ghosts are not real but are merely the evidence of the fragmenting sanity of the governess.
In the famous novel, The Turn of the Screw, Henry James tells a story of a governess who
The Turn of the Screw by Henry James has been the cause of many debates about whether or not the ghosts are real, or if this is a case of a woman with psychological disturbances causing her to fabricate the ghosts. The story is told in the first person narrative by the governess and is told only through her thoughts and perceptions, which makes it difficult to be certain that anything she says or sees is reliable. It starts out to be a simple ghost story, but as the story unfolds it becomes obvious that the governess has jumps to conclusions and makes wild assumptions without proof and that the supposed ghosts are products of her mental instability which was brought on by her love of her employer
In William Shakespeare's Hamlet, the ghost of Hamlet’s father is intended to be seen as a real ghost. Around 1600, when the play Hamlet was written, many people believed in mystical creatures like witches, monsters, and most importantly: ghosts. With so many people believing in these characters, it makes sense that Shakespeare portrays the ghost of Hamlet’s father as a real figure. Many examples support this, such as when the guards in Act I scene i see the ghost, which proves it’s not just in Hamlet’s imagination. But some people can not see the ghost, such as Hamlet’s mother in Act III scene iiiii. Hamlet sees the ghost but she can not. This could be used as evidence to say the ghost is not real though. Shakespeare shows us though this information, the high complications oh having ghosts in a story.
...t want to be the only one who does. It is another feeble attempt to prove her sanity to herself and to others. However, because she “is so easily carried away”, she soon believes that the children do in fact see the ghosts by reading into their every remark and behavior. By piecing all of this together, the governess proves to herself that she is not insane. The governess in The Turn of the Screw, is a highly unreliable narrator. From the beginning of the story, her energetic imagination is displayed to the reader. With this knowledge alone, it would not be irrational to conclude that she had imagined the appearances of Peter Quint and Miss Jessel. However, these facts in addition to her unsubstantiated inferences allow the reader to intelligently label the governess as an unreliable narrator. Works Cited Poupard, Dennis. “Henry James.” Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism: Volume 24. Ed. Paula Kepos. Detroit: Gale research.; 1990. 313-315.
Hidden subjects, the corruption of innocence, gender, and the destructiveness of heroism, can all be argued to be the main theme of The Turn of The Screw but only one can really bring the truest theme out of the story by Henry James. Many argue that there is no theme, or more than one but I believe that Forbidden subjects is truly the source that really captures what the story is all about. We can easily come to this conclusion by looking at the items in the story and piecing them together. For example, the young male child named Miles suddenly gets kicked out of school, but the reason for the expulsion is never uncovered. As the story continues, there are more questions and mysteries that never become revealed, which I believe is the entire purpose as to why James wrote this; to simply leave us puzzled as a crossword. Yes, the other themes are well organized and presentable, but they are not the underlying theme that James is trying to convey. James skillfully incites the reader’s anxieties by arousing the psychological mechanisms of the horror of the unknown. Without the forbidden objects in the story, it would just be another ghost tale with no mystery. That is why I firmly believe that hidden objects and solving mysteries are the main and most important theme to Henry James’s “The Turn of The Screw”.
Elements of the supernatural have long enhanced the folklore of many cultures. Stories of ghosts, magic, and so-called aliens are transferred from generation to generation, sparking our imagination and uncovering our deepest fears. While some stories are clearly fabulous, others are believed by those who tell them. The story I wish to report is of the latter kind: an experience that generated real fear in the teller. Although the story is completely original, it contains ideas reflected in much other folklore, including similar tales from similar locations. And like all folklore, the effectiveness of the story depends upon the performance of the teller and those to follow.
In The turn of the Screw, the characters often communicated very indirectly with one another, hinting toward certain situations but never explaining them fully. At the beginning of this story, one of the first vague quotes, “he had been left, by the death of their parents in India, guardian to a small nephew and a small niece” depicts that Miles and Flora’s parents died in India (James 158). However, the details around their death are unknown and mysterious.
This particular ghost story was told to me by one of the members of my gymnastics troupe. We had become friends over the course of the season, and she was telling me this story in an informal setting in my dorm room on a Friday night. She is twenty years old and grew up in a very conservative Catholic family in New Jersey. Later on, as I attempted to find more people who would have heard a similar story, I ran into another friend who had heard a variation of the same plot. This was a Jewish Caucasian male, nineteen years old, who grew up in North Carolina. He told me this story as we were eating lunch at a sandwich place in College Park:
In Act I Scene I, there was a lot of uncertainty pertaining to the ghost and why he is showing up. Bernardo and Marcellus, watchmen, are uncertain of what the mysterious “thing” is that’s appeared for the last two nights. They bring Horatio to watch with them, but Horatio thinks that the guards are imagining it. There is a mixture between preparation and surprise when the ghost appears. The reader knows that there is something unexplained wandering in the night by listening to the watchmen. However, one can sense the surprise when the ghost shows up as they all agree that it looks like the recently decease King of Denmark. The reader learns that Denmark is preparing for war with Norway. Therefore, Horatio believes that the ghost could signify that Denmark is going to lose the battle with Norway (1.1.158-162). He believes the ghost’s presence could be a bad omen. The speeches introduce a note of hope as Marcellus explains that the ghost left as the cock crowed and when the cock crows, spirits do not stir. Horatio and Marcellus believe that the spirit will speak to Hamlet if it is his father so they decide to get Hamlet to try to speak to the ghost to see what it is trying to tell them (1.2.163-170). In Act I, Scene II, Hamlet is thinking about committing suicide but is uncertain if there is a heaven or hell. He believes that killing himself would be a disgrace to religion, but if there is no God then suicide would allow him to be in peace without worry (1.2.129-159). In Act I, scene IV uncertainty comes up again when Hamlet decides that speaking with the ghost cannot harm him because he does not care if he is alive (1.4.64-68).
In his 1948 essay, Robert Heilman explores the suggestion that The Turn of the Screw is a symbolic representation of the conflict between good and evil. Heilman interprets the apparitions of Peter Quint and Miss Jessel as evil forces. He explains that the ghosts only appear to the governess because evil lurks in subtlety before it strikes. It is the duty of the governess to "detect and ward off evil." She must protect the children from the awful ghosts. The governess describes Miles and Flora as beautiful little cherubs whose only fault is their gentleness (James, 18-19). Heilman views the children's beauty as a "symbol of the spiritual perfection of which man is capable." Heilman explains the ghosts' attempts to reach the children by explaining that evil forces will always try to conquer and possess the human soul. Heilman continues to draw from the descriptions of Miles and Flora to support his theories. He points out that the two children are described as having an "angelic beauty" and a "positive fragrance of purity" (James 9, 13). The governess describes them as if they are perfect and beautiful in every way. This repeated vision of beauty, radiance, and innocence parallels the image of Eden. The house at Bly also resembles this image, "I remember the lawn and the bright flowers..." (James 7). The governess makes mention of the "golden sky" and of Flora's "hair of gold," which Heilman believes connects Bly and Flora with these images of golden hues (James 7, 9).
Ghosts are not around when everything is going well. They are an extrusion of the supernatural world into the natural. In both Hamlet and Macbeth, their respective states are in trouble. Something has been disrupted and the supernatural comes in and affects the course of action the characters take. Hamlet feels guilty at not having saved his father from death and Macbeth feels guilt for his ambition and murdering his friends. Their guilt presents itself as ghosts. These phantasms disrupt the idea of a state and who the members owe allegiance to. If there is something more attractive offered by the supernatural world, why not take hold of it?
and West wing and it is likely the ' The Red Room' is situated in a
Ghost Stories Ghost stories revolve around lots of Spooky tales that work on displacing the reader's fear. Some of the main techniques which make them successful involve: Fear, Drama, Danger and Suspense. However, the main idea is that they create tension too. Such stories which use tension to dramatic affect are "The Red Room" by H.G. Wells and "Farthing House" by Susan Hill; both are written in first person narrative to allow the reader to get scared along with the main character. Both stories also build tension through their Style, Setting, Structure and Language.