AYL Question Set 4
Lesson 5:
How are ionic and covalent bonding similar? How are they different? You should discuss how they bond and what the major differences are in their nomenclature (the way they are named). Covalent and ionic are two forms of atomic bonds both of which differ in their structure and properties. Firstly, it should be made clear that an atom’s desire is to achieve stability. Most atoms by nature are not balanced electrically. They achieve balance by sharing or transferring their outermost energy level which contains electrons called valence electrons. The number of valence electrons in an atom mostly determines that atom’s or element’s properties. Now the octet rule says that an atom likes to achieve stability by ensuring they have eight valence electrons in their outermost level. Atoms lose or gain valence electrons to achieve the full outer level and they do this by bonding with other atoms. Atoms can bond with each other as in the case of O2 or with different atoms as in the case of H2O. (Timberlake) Only Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He) like to only have two valence electrons. Covalent bonds are formed between two non-metals. Non-metals have low electronegativity (Helmenstine) which means
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Transition metals can form more than one cation so in cases where they are the first element and need to balance the negatively charged anion, you write the name followed by a Roman numeral in parentheses corresponding to the anion they are combined with and which creates for zero charge balance. An example of this would be Copper (II) Sulfide sulfur has sulfur has a 2 – charge. Once you’ve named the cation now it’s time to name the anion. If the anion is not a polyatomic ion as in the case of sodium chloride NaCl, write the name of the cation changing the ending to IDE just as you do with covalent
This paper describes the methods used in the identification, investigation of properties, and synthesis of an unknown compound. The compound was identified as calcium nitrate by a variety of tests. When the compound was received, it was already known to be one of twelve possible ionic compounds. The flame test identified the presence of the calcium anion in the compound. The compound tested positive for the nitrate cation using the iron sulfate test. At this point it was hypothesized that the compound was calcium nitrate. Reactivity tests and quantitative analysis comparing the unknown compound with calcium nitrate supported this hypothesis. Synthesis reactions were then carried out and analyzed.
However, the atoms are arranged a little differently. Two molecules that have this type of relationship are called isomers.
-------------------------------------------------------------------- The reactivity series is a table to show which metals are most reactive to the least reactive. Potassium is known as the most reactive and platinum the least. --------------------------------------------------------------
1. What is the difference between Introduction 2. What is the difference between History 3. What is the difference between a's Planning / Preparation 4.
Intermolecular forces are the forces that hold molecules together. These forces responsible for many of the properties of molecules such as boiling point, freezing point, reactivity, etc. There are four types of intermolecular forces. These forces include the ionic bond which is the transfer of electrons between two ions. The ionic bond happens only when one atom is much more electronegative than the other. This bond interaction is by far the strongest of the four. An example of the ionic interaction is NaCl or table salt – the Na atom is the positively charged ion while the Cl is the negatively charged ion. The second intermolecular force is the dipole-dipole force. It is considered a covalent bond but the bond is not completely covalent. In this particular bond, the electron sharing is not completely even thus placing the bond as a polar covalent bond. In this type of bond, the electron density shifts
An atom, by definition, is the smallest part of any substance. The atom has three main components that make it up: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons and neutrons are within the nucleus in the center of the atom. The electrons revolve around the nucleus in many orbitals. These orbitals consist of many different shapes, including circular, spiral, and many others. Protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged. Protons and electrons both have charge of equal magnitude (i.e. 1.602x10-19 coulombs). Neutrons have a neutral charge, and they, along with protons, are the majority of mass in an atom. Electron mass, though, is negligible. When an atom has a neutral charge, it is stable.
Constitution; one of the main and most noticeable differences between the two documents is that which is known as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights have given the people their own form of freedom. In the Articles of Confederation they solely focused on the people of higher order and the states as separate beings, but in the U.S. Constitution they catered mainly towards the freedom of the people while still establishing law and order. Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government could not impose taxes on the states, the states had to themselves impose the taxes. This however caused the United States to become poor and when the Constitution was written the national government started taxing the states instead of independent taxing in order to increase funds. Lastly, the United States could not impose their own war unless they had authorization from the states to whisk of their own soldiers, they had to ask the states if they could send their men to war, but if the states did not want to send the soldiers there would be no one to defend the nation. In the Constitution, the nation would have only one army where they could wish to send anyone enlisted to
While all atoms of the same element have the same number of protons, it is possible for atoms of one element to have different numbers of neutrons. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes . For example, all atoms of the element carbon have 6 protons, but while most carbon atoms have 6 neutrons, some have 7 or 8. Isotopes are named by giving the name of the element followed by the sum of the neutrons and protons in the isotope's nucl...
Another version of sodium that is often seen is Na1+ this is a different form of sodium and it is because of isotopes. Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but they have different number of neutrons. Basically isotopes are different forms of a single element and sodium has one natural occurring isotope. This isotope contains 11 protons and 12 neutrons in its nucleus.
Examples of positively charged ions are Na+ and Li+ and examples of negatively charged ions are Cl- and F-. The positive ions are called cations and the negative ions are called anions. Highly charged molecules are reflected by their melting point such NaCl which has a melting point of 801◦C. The melting point of sodium chloride is lower than the melting point of magnesium oxide which is 2852◦ C. This is because the magnesium chloride has a higher charge and therefore requires more energy to break there ionic bonds than sodium chloride. This could also be due to the molecules having higher intermolecular forces than the other which causes it to require more energy to break there
Because they repel they are as far from each other as possible. The two electrons in each of the oxygen-hydrogen bond are not shared equally. They are more strongly attracted to the oxygen. The bond is polar, it has a 'negative part' (the oxygen) and a 'positive part' (the hydrogen).The hydrogen bond is very weak, about ten times weaker than a single covalent bond.
To start off, learning the Bohr-Rutherford diagrams in grade nine was a very big confusion for me. I had never fully understood how many shells should go around the nucleus nor did I know how to do the many calculations. As I progressed into grade ten, the teachings became easier. The review shows an example such as in the the bohr diagram, a nucleus is in the center, which is a little circle, and following that there are shells surrounding it containing electrons. Each ring can only hold a certain amount of electrons, and so the first shell around the nucleus can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, the next shell is able to hold a maximum of 8 electro...
The Periodic Table of Elements is commonly used today when studying elements. This table’s history begins in ancient times when Greek scientists first started discovering different elements. Over the years, many different forms of the periodic table have been made which set the basis for the modern table we use today. This table includes over 100 elements and are arranged by groups and periods. Groups being vertical columns and periods being horizontal columns. With all of the research conducted over the years and the organization of this table, it is easy to use when needed.
From these properties of bonds we will see that there are two fundamental types of bonds--covalent and ionic. Covalent bonding represents a situation of about equal sharing of the electrons between nuclei in the bond. Covalent bonds are formed between atoms of approximately equal electronegativity. Because each atom has near equal pull for the electrons in the bond, the electrons are not completely transferred from one atom to another. When the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms in a bond is large, the more electronegative atom can strip an electron off of the less electronegative one to form a negatively charged anion and a positively charged cation. The two ions are held together in an ionic bond because the oppositely charged ions attract each other as described by Coulomb's Law.