The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) is a standardized diagnostic tool used within health systems to improve coding consistency when recording diagnoses and symptoms of patients for the purposes of reimbursing payer claims and clinical research. There have been many versions of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) since its adoption in 1893; the system was modeled after French statistician Jacques Bertillon’s “Bertillon Classification of Causes of Death”. In the year 1898, the American Public Health Association advised Canada, Mexico, and the United States to use the system and revise it every decade to remain current with advances in healthcare (Wikipedia, 2016). At …show more content…
Along with the classification system name change also brought a change in responsibility of revisions from the Mixed Commission within the International Statistical Institute and the Health Organization of the League of Nations to the World Health Organization (WHO). The ICD seventh revision (1958-1967) made important changes and amendments to correct errors and inconsistencies within the volumes. With the eighth revision (1968-1978) of ICD came more detail for the coding of hospital and morbidity data. This revision helped organizations to code diagnostic data for morbidity and mortality statistics in the United States, it was the first time that a second revision was created (ICDA-8). With the ninth revision (ICD-9) (1979- 1998) the WHO met in Geneva, Switzerland for six days (30 September to 6 October …show more content…
They too wanted to be able gather statistical data related to their specific fields. The ninth revision also included information about the root disease and the location of the organ or site where it existed. While publishing this revision the WHO decided to add the International Classification of Procedures in Medicine (ICPM), the ICPM was created by the United States based upon ICD adaptations. ICPM was published separately from the ICD and is a series of supplementary documents (laboratory, radiology, surgery, therapy, and other diagnostic procedures) ("International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems", 2016). These additions expanded the two volumes into three to contain all needed and relevant coding classifications. After ICPMs creation, other countries decided to translate, adapt, and use the ICPM as well. The main purposes of ICD-9-CM were to help organizations bill for health services, assist with record keeping, and to help gather data on health statistics throughout the United States. In the midst of creating ICD-9 WHO realized that more specificity in classification would need to be implemented, so they began working on ICD-10 (1999-present) before ICD-9 was
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is a fatal neuro-degenerative, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of the family Cervidae (Hamir, et.al., 2006). The family Cervidae includes mule deer, Odocolileus hemionus, white-tailed deer, Odocolileus virginianus, Rocky Mountain elk, Cervus elaphus nelsoni, and moose, Alces alces shirasi, among others (Sigurdon & Aguzzi, 2007). CWD is a prion disease, meaning it is a protein caused infection, that occurs naturally in the deer family (Song & Lawson, 2009). This protein is suspected to be an abnormal isoform (PrPSc) of the naturally occurring host prion protein (PrPC) (Blanchong, et. Al., 2009). Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), mad cow disease, is a similar prion effecting cattle as CWD affects Cervidae. Although, scientists are not sure of transmission route it is suspected that CWD is transmissible and infectious through direct contact with infected individuals or through environmental contamination (Song & Lawson, 2009). Tests have been performed showing susceptibility of altered mice to oral transmission, mimicking the suspected route of entry, and the incubation appears slower but lasts longer with oral infection (Trifilo, et.al., 2007). The approximate time from the initial infection to death is three years.
According to the BDI-II test review, norming of the BDI-II is neither impressive nor extensive including a clinical sample of 500 outpatients in therapy as well as a conve...
Considering the conflicting findings amongst the different EWS, it remains unknown whether these scoring systems are effective in identifying and responding to deteriorating patient in acute hospital settings. This essay intends to establish how successful, if at all, the EWS in particular SHEWS is in identifying deteriorating patients in acute surgical hospital settings. In order to do this we will be returning to patient X, a 22-year-old Asian female with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. By comparing the evidence base to reality I hope to get a better understanding of how effective this tool is in identifying deteriorating patients.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is preventable disease that has a detrimental effects on both the airway and lung parenchyma (Nazir & Erbland, 2009). COPD categorises emphysema and chronic bronchitis, both of which are characterised by a reduced maximum expiratory flow and slow but forced emptying of the lungs (Jeffery 1998). The disease has the one of the highest number of fatalities in the developed world due to the ever increasing amount of tobacco smokers and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality (Marx, Hockberger & Walls, 2014). Signs and symptoms that indicate the presence of the disease include a productive cough, wheezing, dyspnoea and predisposing risk factors (Edelman et al., 1992). The diagnosis of COPD is predominantly based on the results of a lung function assessment (Larsson, 2007). Chronic bronchitis is differentiated from emphysema by it's presentation of a productive cough present for a minimum of three months in two consecutive years that cannot be attributed to other pulmonary or cardiac causes (Marx, Hockberger & Walls, 2014) (Viegi et al., 2007). Whereas emphysema is defined pathologically as as the irreversible destruction without obvious fibrosis of the lung alveoli (Marx, Hockberger & Walls, 2014) (Veigi et al., 2007).It is common for emphysema and chronic bronchitis to be diagnosed concurrently owing to the similarities between the diseases (Marx, Hockberger & Walls, 2014).
I chose to do my research paper on Kawasaki disease in an effort to learn more about this disease. A close family friend’s daughter was diagnosed with Kawasaki back in September of this year. She called me crying and asked if I knew anything bout Kawasaki. At first I thought,“Why is she crying over the motorcycle?” I responded, “The motorcycle?” to which she replied, “No, the disease.” I told her I never heard of the disease but by its name I can assume it originated in Japan or has something to do with Japan. I love doing research, so I told her I would look up more information and get back to her, she laughed then said, “Thank you!”
(Novo 2012) In 2005, it was found that CVDs are responsible for the deaths of more than 17 million people each year, almost a third of total mortality rates, reported by the World Health Organisation (1, 2). The majority of these deaths were strongly related to Coronary Artery Disease of approximately 7.6 million. However, in the latter 15 years mortality rates in relation to CVD’s have significantly reduced according to age in develo...
In the United States, the basis for ethical protection for human research subjects in clinical research trials are outlined by the Belmont Report developed in the late 1970’s. This document, published by the Nation Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, highlights three important basic principles that are to be considered when any clinical trial will involve human research subjects. They are; respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. (Chadwick & Gunn, 2004)
8 draft of the case which showed us where we needed additional data to complete the study. With this
You have asked the following question: “A corridor with an 11-6, drop-in, ceiling has a suspended gyp board cloud 6 in. below at 11-0 above finished floor. Occupancy is light hazard and construction is non-combustible. The 6-in. separation does not allow space for a sprinkler covering above the cloud to operate. Is coverage above the cloud required?” In response to your question, we have reviewed NFPA 13, 2013 edition that you indicated as the applicable standard. Our informal interpretation is treat the cloud ceiling per the obstructions rules.
Ministry of Health. (2013). Chronic Diseases . Retrieved December 19, 2013, from Ministry of Health Singapore: http://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/costs_and_financing/schemes_subsidies/medisave/Chronic_Diseases.html
Clinic Staff, Mayo. "Diseases and Conditions Plague."Mayo Clinic. N.p., 26 Mar 2013. Web. 14 Apr 2014. .
Opportunities To Reduce The Global Burden." Plos Medicine 9.10 (2012): 1-7. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.
American Journal Of Public Health103.1 (2013): 27-31. Business Source Premier.
Over two thirds of deaths in each year among estimated yearly deaths are due to non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetics, cancer and upper res...
To the "Hospital medicine" in the past, it uses a cross-sectional nosographic technique to be classified different types of patients according to the internal lesion for example: they will distinguish the heart disease patient and high blood pressure disease patient and distinguish which cause it and prescribe the right medicine for an illness. This technique can let the doctor be more focus on their professional and more expert on those lesions. Also the "hospital medicine" will according to the symptom and disease to conflate an infinite chain of risk which found out the root cause of illness for example: A headache may be a risk for high blood pressure, but high blood pressure may also